scholarly journals CO2 fleet regulation and the future market diffusion of zero-emission trucks in Europe

Energy Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 112640
Author(s):  
Annelis K. Breed ◽  
Daniel Speth ◽  
Patrick Plötz
Keyword(s):  
Future Market ◽  
The Future ◽  
Zero Emission ◽  
Market Diffusion

scholarly journals Agricultural Commodity Trading: Is it Destabilizing Spot Markets?

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Gupta ◽  
Sanjay Sehgal ◽  
Sahaj Wadhwa
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Soy Oil ◽  
Open Interest ◽  
Future Trading ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spot Volatility

Executive Summary The future trading has been held responsible by certain political and interest groups of enhancing speculative trading activities and causing volatility in the spot market, thereby further spiralling up inflation. This study examines the effect of future of trading activity on spot market volatility. The study first determined the Granger causal relationship between unexpected future trading volume and spot market volatility. It then examined the Granger causal relationship between unexpected open interest and spot market volatility. The spot volatility and liquidity was modelled using EGARCH and unexpected trading volume. The expected trading volume and open interest was calculated by using the 21-day moving average, and the difference between actual and expected component was treated as the unexpected trading volume and unexpected open interest. Empirical results confirm that for chickpeas ( channa), cluster bean ( guar seed), pepper, refined soy oil, and wheat, the future (unexpected) liquidity leads spot market volatility. The causal relationship implies that trading volume, which is a proxy for speculators and day traders, is dominant in the future market and leads volatility in the spot market. The results are in conformity with earlier empirical findings — Yang, Balyeat and Leathan (2005) and Nath and Lingareddy (2008) —that future trading destabilizes the spot market for agricultural commodities. Results show that there is no causal relationship between future open interest and spot volatility for all commodities except refined soy oil and wheat. The findings imply that open interest, which is a proxy of hedging activity, is leading to volatility in spot market for refined soy oil and wheat. The results are in conformity to earlier empirical studies that there is a weak causal feedback between future unexpected open interest and volatility in spot market ( Yang et al., 2005 ). For chickpeas (channa), the increase in volatility in the spot market increases trading activity in the future market. The findings are contrary to earlier empirical evidence ( Chatrath, Ramchander, & Song, 1996 ; Yang et al., 2005 ) that increase in spot volatility reduces future trading activity. However, they are in conformity to Chen, Cuny and Haugen (1995) that increase in spot volatility increases future open interest. The results reveal that the future market has been unable to engage sufficient hedging activity. Thereby, a causal relationship exists only for future trading volume and spot volatility, and not for future open interest and spot volatility. The results have major implications for policymakers, investment managers, and for researchers as well. The study contributes to literature on price discovery, spillovers, and price destabilization for Indian commodity markets.

Top three LNG buyers to search for alternative LNG pricing structure after paying a total cost premium of $56 billion for oil-indexed LNG contracts in 2019 and 2020 – how will this affect Australia as the number one supplier to this market?

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Sindre Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Future

Increasing spreads between spot liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil-indexed contracts have resulted in the world’s top three LNG buyers paying a cost premium of $33 billion in 2019 and 23 billion in 2020. The top three buyers are Japan, China and South Korea, which had a combined 151Mt of long-term LNG contracts indexed to oil in 2020. This cost premium shows what top Asian buyers are currently paying for the security of LNG supply through long-term oil-indexed contracts. However, it also shows the potential reward Asian buyers have if they manage to develop a liquid LNG pricing hub in Asia to which they can index their contracts. Japanese buyers’ efforts of increasing flexibility in contracts, both through take-or-pay agreements and destination flexibility and aims of growing the spot market, will increasingly support the liquidity of the LNG market. However, there will be resistance from the other side of the table, for where someone is paying a premium, or making a loss, someone is making money. 2020 was another year of plenty for LNG producers selling oil-indexed volumes to Asian markets. Australia is the largest seller of LNG to Japan, China and South Korea with over 60Mt of long-term LNG contracts indexed to oil in 2020. Australia has benefited from having their contracts indexed to oil, but what’s next? In this paper, Rystad Energy will discuss the future market for Australian LNG exports including development in LNG demand, contract trends and price spreads.

scholarly journals Negation of Pythagorean Fuzzy Number Based on a New Uncertainty Measure Applied in a Service Supplier Selection System

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Haiyi Mao ◽  
Rui Cai
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Fuzzy Number ◽  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Uncertainty Measure ◽  
Good Ability ◽  
Relative Closeness ◽  
The Future ◽  
Market Trends

The Pythagorean fuzzy number (PFN) consists of membership and non-membership as an extension of the intuitionistic fuzzy number. PFN has a larger ambiguity, and it has a stronger ability to express uncertainty. In the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem, it is also very difficult to measure the ambiguity degree of a set of PFN. A new entropy of PFN is proposed based on a technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (Topsis) method of revised relative closeness index in this paper. To verify the new entropy with a good performance in uncertainty measure, a new Pythagorean fuzzy number negation approach is proposed. We develop the PFN negation and find the correlation of the uncertainty measure. Existing methods can only evaluate the ambiguity of a single PFN. The newly proposed method is suitable to systematically evaluate the uncertainty of PFN in Topsis. Nowadays, there are no uniform criteria for measuring service quality. It brings challenges to the future development of airlines. Therefore, grasping the future market trends leads to winning with advanced and high-quality services. Afterward, the applicability in the service supplier selection system with the new entropy is discussed to evaluate the service quality and measure uncertainty. Finally, the new PFN entropy is verified with a good ability in the last MCDM numerical example.

scholarly journals Assessing Monstrous Fan in Malaysia: Present and Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Raja Raja Othman ◽  
Nurfaezah Abdullah ◽  
Amiruddin Ahamat ◽  
Nor Md Zuki ◽  
Fairul Abdul Shukor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
The Future ◽  
Product Technology

In the last few years, the monstrous fan has gained attention in this country for large space buildings and areas. The continuity of this product technology is important to allow it to be able to survive in the current and future market. However, there are limited studies on the present and future scenario of the monstrous fan, especially in Malaysia. Thus, the objective of this paper is to forecast its present technology, evaluating the market demand and future of the monstrous fan. For these reasons, an online survey was used to obtain feedback from suppliers and manufacturers to forecast the future of this product. In conclusion, the monstrous fan has been discussed and predicted, which can be beneficial for various parties including policy makers, government, business and technology players by representing a specific knowledge on the technical specificities of monstrous fans in Malaysia.

scholarly journals The Impact of Restrictive Measures on the Price Discovery Function of Stock Index Futures – Evidence From CSI 500 Stock Index Futures

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Maoguo Wu ◽  
Zhehao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Price Discovery ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Stock Index Futures ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Index Futures ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Impact

Restrictive measures implemented by governments have a great impact on the price discovery function of stock index futures. This study compares the price discovery function of CSI 500 stock index futures and CSI 500 stock index before and after the implementation of restrictive measures based on the reaction speed to new information, the price ratio of new information and the price contribution of both future market and spot market. It also analyzes the difference between the price discovery function of the future market and that of the spot market and thus proposes policy implications accordingly.Utilizing data of CSI 500 stock index futures in the period of the stock market crash, this study compares the price discovery function before and after the implementation of restrictive measures. By means of the VECM model and common factor analysis, it further investigates the difference in the price contribution of the two markets. Contributing to existing literature on the relationship between the future market and the spot market, this study explores the change in the price contribution of the two markets and therein studies the impact of restrictive measures on the price discovery function. Empirical evidence finds that before the implementation of restrictive measures, the price discovery function worked more efficiently, while, however, after the implementation of restrictive measures, the price discovery function did not work. Hence, stock index futures do assist in the price discovery of the spot market. In some special time periods, however, due to the impact of restrictive policies, the price contribution of the spot market exceeded that of the future market, implying that the price discovery function of the CSI 500 stock index future market is unstable.

Linking Creativity Measurements to Product Market Favorability: A Data-Mining Approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian E. Lopez B. ◽  
Xuan Zheng ◽  
Scarlett R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Product Market ◽  
New Product ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Early Design Stage ◽  
Data Mining Approach ◽  
The Future

While creative ideas can lead to market success and payoff, they are also associated with high risks and uncertainties. One way to reduce these uncertainties is to provide decision makers with valuable information about the innovative potential and future success of an idea. Even though several metrics have been proposed in the literature to evaluate the creativity of early design-stage ideas, these metrics do not provide information about the future product success or market favorability of new product ideas. Hence, existing metrics fail to link the creativity of early-stage ideas to their future market favorability. In order to bridge this gap, the current work proposes a new metric to estimate early design-stage ideas’ favorability and analyzes its relationship with current creativity metrics. A data-mining driven method to assess the future favorability of new product ideas using customers’ reviews of current market products that shared similar features with the new ideas of interest is presented. The results suggest that the new product idea favorability is positively correlated with relative creativity metrics and existing product market favorability ratings. This method can be used to help designers gain a better insight into the creativity and market favorability potential of new product ideas in early design-stages via a systematic approach; hence, helping reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with early-phase ideas during the screening and selecting process.

Multimobility and Sharing Economy: Shaping the Future Market Through Policy and Research

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Shaheen ◽  
Adam Stocker ◽  
Abhinav Bhattacharyya ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Future Market ◽  
The Future

Simple formulae for valuing stock conversion options

1974 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Future Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Date

It is quite common for stocks (usually loan stocks) to be issued by companies and purchased by investors, which include among their terms an option to convert at some future date into other stocks (usually ordinary shares) on specific terms. Such options obviously have value, but I am unaware of any simple published method for estimating the value of such options in practical cases. The purpose of this note is to suggest a formula, based upon easily understood estimates of the future market prices of the stocks in question, which may be applied readily in practice to estimate the value of such options.

Coal-based chemical complexes

1981 ◽  
Vol 300 (1453) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Coal Processing ◽  
Coal Conversion ◽  
The Future ◽  
Processing Plants

In addition to heat or kinetic energy, coal can be used to produce carbon (in various forms), hydrogen and chemicals containing these elements. Coal conversion developments have recently tended to be concentrated on single products to replace those in declining supply. The apparent economics depend on cost projections of other fossil fuels but the future market balance between fuels may also be important. Proposals have been made to improve the economics of coal conversion by combining various unit processes together in 'complexes'. Some of these proposals are reviewed; frequently they are inspired by specific situations. Some existing coal processing plants have acquired breadth with maturity; this may become common. Some general considerations that may be taken into account in assessing coalplexes are discussed, including capital, flexibility and conservation. The optimization of coalplexes, however, impinges on the whole structure of energy availability and use. These relations are explored and some suggestions made, including a possibly important role for synthesis gas.

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