Coal-based chemical complexes

1981 ◽  
Vol 300 (1453) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Coal Processing ◽  
Coal Conversion ◽  
The Future ◽  
Processing Plants

In addition to heat or kinetic energy, coal can be used to produce carbon (in various forms), hydrogen and chemicals containing these elements. Coal conversion developments have recently tended to be concentrated on single products to replace those in declining supply. The apparent economics depend on cost projections of other fossil fuels but the future market balance between fuels may also be important. Proposals have been made to improve the economics of coal conversion by combining various unit processes together in 'complexes'. Some of these proposals are reviewed; frequently they are inspired by specific situations. Some existing coal processing plants have acquired breadth with maturity; this may become common. Some general considerations that may be taken into account in assessing coalplexes are discussed, including capital, flexibility and conservation. The optimization of coalplexes, however, impinges on the whole structure of energy availability and use. These relations are explored and some suggestions made, including a possibly important role for synthesis gas.

scholarly journals Agricultural Commodity Trading: Is it Destabilizing Spot Markets?

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Gupta ◽  
Sanjay Sehgal ◽  
Sahaj Wadhwa
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Trading Volume ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Soy Oil ◽  
Open Interest ◽  
Future Trading ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spot Volatility

Executive Summary The future trading has been held responsible by certain political and interest groups of enhancing speculative trading activities and causing volatility in the spot market, thereby further spiralling up inflation. This study examines the effect of future of trading activity on spot market volatility. The study first determined the Granger causal relationship between unexpected future trading volume and spot market volatility. It then examined the Granger causal relationship between unexpected open interest and spot market volatility. The spot volatility and liquidity was modelled using EGARCH and unexpected trading volume. The expected trading volume and open interest was calculated by using the 21-day moving average, and the difference between actual and expected component was treated as the unexpected trading volume and unexpected open interest. Empirical results confirm that for chickpeas ( channa), cluster bean ( guar seed), pepper, refined soy oil, and wheat, the future (unexpected) liquidity leads spot market volatility. The causal relationship implies that trading volume, which is a proxy for speculators and day traders, is dominant in the future market and leads volatility in the spot market. The results are in conformity with earlier empirical findings — Yang, Balyeat and Leathan (2005) and Nath and Lingareddy (2008) —that future trading destabilizes the spot market for agricultural commodities. Results show that there is no causal relationship between future open interest and spot volatility for all commodities except refined soy oil and wheat. The findings imply that open interest, which is a proxy of hedging activity, is leading to volatility in spot market for refined soy oil and wheat. The results are in conformity to earlier empirical studies that there is a weak causal feedback between future unexpected open interest and volatility in spot market ( Yang et al., 2005 ). For chickpeas (channa), the increase in volatility in the spot market increases trading activity in the future market. The findings are contrary to earlier empirical evidence ( Chatrath, Ramchander, & Song, 1996 ; Yang et al., 2005 ) that increase in spot volatility reduces future trading activity. However, they are in conformity to Chen, Cuny and Haugen (1995) that increase in spot volatility increases future open interest. The results reveal that the future market has been unable to engage sufficient hedging activity. Thereby, a causal relationship exists only for future trading volume and spot volatility, and not for future open interest and spot volatility. The results have major implications for policymakers, investment managers, and for researchers as well. The study contributes to literature on price discovery, spillovers, and price destabilization for Indian commodity markets.

scholarly journals PKM KATEKESE TENTANG MENGHAYATI NILAI KERAJAAN ALLAH DALAM ERA DIGITAL BAGI ANGGOTA KMK. ST. MARTINUS PAROKI PERSIAPAN ST. MARINUS PU’URERE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Aurelius Fredimento ◽  
John M. Balan
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Media Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Church

The development and the progress of media communication at the present is a fact of the knowledge and the technology development that must be accepted. It presence like the flowing water which has a fast current that brings also two influences both positive and negative that must be accounted for the members of the Catholic Students Community Of St. Martinus Ende (KMK St. Martinus Ende). Both positive and negative influences the media community like a kinetic energy or a power attraction that attract  them in a tiring ambiquity. Let them walk alone without escort of a decisive compass where they should have a rightist attitude and responsible. On the point, the guidance and assistance of the church is an  offering  if the church will be born a generation  of the future  of the  church  that is mature and has a certain quality  based  on the growth  and the development  of acuteness and inner  to determine the attitude to the development of media communication. The process of sharpening of mind and the sharpeness of the participants can be realized by giving some activities such as: awareness, deepening and even  the sharpeness of the actor of  media communication as an  alternative of reporting work of the God Kingdom for human beings. It becomes the main moving spirit or activator  for the board of KMK Of St. Martinus Ende  to plan and boring  about the activity of catechism. The activity rise the method of Amos.  By this method, the participants are invited to build a deeply reflection that based on thein real experiences about the media communication, while keep on self opening to the God planning will come  to them  and  give them via  the commandment of God.  The commandment  of God  come to light, inspiration, motivate, power and critics to the  participants about the using of the media communication as a media of the commandment of the kingdom of God  to the world that is more progress and development lately.

Source Functions of CO2 and Future CO2 Burden in the Atmosphere

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1544-1554
Author(s):  
K. E. Zimen ◽  
P. Offermann ◽  
G. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Source Function ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Mauna Loa ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
The Future ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract A logistic source function for CO2 was derived which takes into account the input arising from the burning of fossil fuels, the stimulation of photosynthesis by the increasing partial pressure of CO2, and the decrease of biomass through deforestation etc. The parameters in a 5-box-model for the kinetics of CO2 were adjusted to fit the new Mauna Loa data on CO2 concentrations in air. Using these parameters and a buffer factor ξ(t) for the absorption of CO2 into the sea, the future CO2 burden was calculated for status quo conditions and for different values of the growth coefficient of fossil fuel consumption. The results show that one can change the deforestation factor in rather wide limits without changing very much the future CO2 concentration in air during the next 80 years or so (cf. Figure 4). On the other hand, the future C02 burden depends strongly on the growth rate of fossil fuel consumption and will double under status quo conditions early in the next century (cf. Figure 5).

Nanocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 6777-6799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasinath Ojha ◽  
Soumen Saha ◽  
Preeti Dagar ◽  
Ashok K. Ganguli
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
The Future ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Hydrogen fuel is among the cleanest renewable resources and is the best alternative to fossil fuels for the future.

Top three LNG buyers to search for alternative LNG pricing structure after paying a total cost premium of $56 billion for oil-indexed LNG contracts in 2019 and 2020 – how will this affect Australia as the number one supplier to this market?

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Sindre Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Future

Increasing spreads between spot liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil-indexed contracts have resulted in the world’s top three LNG buyers paying a cost premium of $33 billion in 2019 and 23 billion in 2020. The top three buyers are Japan, China and South Korea, which had a combined 151Mt of long-term LNG contracts indexed to oil in 2020. This cost premium shows what top Asian buyers are currently paying for the security of LNG supply through long-term oil-indexed contracts. However, it also shows the potential reward Asian buyers have if they manage to develop a liquid LNG pricing hub in Asia to which they can index their contracts. Japanese buyers’ efforts of increasing flexibility in contracts, both through take-or-pay agreements and destination flexibility and aims of growing the spot market, will increasingly support the liquidity of the LNG market. However, there will be resistance from the other side of the table, for where someone is paying a premium, or making a loss, someone is making money. 2020 was another year of plenty for LNG producers selling oil-indexed volumes to Asian markets. Australia is the largest seller of LNG to Japan, China and South Korea with over 60Mt of long-term LNG contracts indexed to oil in 2020. Australia has benefited from having their contracts indexed to oil, but what’s next? In this paper, Rystad Energy will discuss the future market for Australian LNG exports including development in LNG demand, contract trends and price spreads.

World Gas Supplies for the Future: Questions and Answers

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 540-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tissot ◽  
M. Valais
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Critical Question ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Substantial Rise

The abundance of the worldwide resources of natural gas and its qualities as a “clean” fuel make it a major energy option for the future. However, the increasing distance of resources in relation to the major consuming zones should bring about a considerable development of international gas trade and also a very substantial rise in the cost of future supplies to major markets. Will these markets accept a new scale of value for natural gas in relation to other fossil fuels in order to ensure the economic viability of the formidable investments required in the coming decades is the most critical question of the gas industry, among many other technical, economic and political issues.

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