Work hard, play hard: How linking rewards in games to prior exercise performance improves motivation and exercise intensity

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 20-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan David Smeddinck ◽  
Marc Herrlich ◽  
Xiaoyi Wang ◽  
Guangtao Zhang ◽  
Rainer Malaka
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Prior Exercise

EFFECTS OF PRIOR-EXERCISE INTENSITY ON THE PULMONARY VO2 RESPONSE DURING HEAVY EXERCISE IN HUMANS

2003 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S230
Author(s):  
Y Fukuba ◽  
M Endo ◽  
A Miura ◽  
S Usui ◽  
Y Fukuoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Exercise In Humans

scholarly journals Feed-forward regulation of self-selected exercise intensity in response to different rates of arterial deoxygenation

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-88
Author(s):  
Saro D. Farra
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Desaturation ◽  
Isometric Knee Extension

Arterial desaturation impairs exercise performance in a dose-dependent manner. However, new theories of exercise-induced fatigue suggest that increasing rates of arterial deoxygenation augment the fatigue response during exercise. The purpose of this dissertation is to clarify if self-selected exercise intensity, while exercising at a constant rate of perceived exertion (RPE), is sensitive to alterations in the absolute arterial saturation (SPO2) and/or the rate of change in SPO2. Subjects performed constant RPE exercise for 30 min. They were instructed to adjust their exercise intensity during the trial to maintain their RPE at 5 on Borg’s 10-point scale. Subjects engaged in continuous bilateral, isokinetic cycling and intermittent, unilateral, isometric knee-extension. The fraction of inspired oxygen was reduced to desaturate arterial blood from starting values (>98%) to 70%. This desaturation occurred linearly over 3 target time periods (FAST, 5 min; MED, 15 min; SLOW, 25 min). The rate of arterial desaturation was significantly different between each of the 3 conditions. During cycling exercise, PO (FAST = 2.8 ± 2.1 W·% SPO2−1; MED = 2.5 ± 1.8 W·% SPO2−1; SLOW = 1.8 ± 1.6 W·% SPO2−1; P < 0.001) and surface electromyography (sEMG) of the vastus medialis (FAST = 1.3 ± 0.6%·% SPO2−1; MED = 1.1 ± 0.5%·% SPO2−1; SLOW = 0.7 ± 0.7%·% SPO2−1; P < 0.001) decreased at significantly different rates. Post hoc comparisons revealed that the rates of decline in PO and sEMG during FAST and MED were similar, and both were greater than SLOW. However, during isometric knee extension exercise, the level of force production and sEMG remained similar across saturation levels. These results confirm that decreases in absolute SPO2 impair self-selected exercise intensity and that faster desaturation rates magnify that impairment, but only when a large muscle mass is engaged. These findings suggest that the rate of arterial deoxygenation independently influences exercise performance and that the central depressant effect may be a function of the metabolic strain associated with hypoxia, rather than the hypoxia per se.

Effects of ‘warm-up’ exercise on energy provision and exercise performance in horses and humans: a comparative review

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Burnley ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Pulmonary Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Severe Exercise

AbstractEquine and human athletic endeavour often requires near-maximal rates of aerobic metabolism. It, therefore, follows that any practical method of increasing the aerobic contribution to exercise should be of benefit to athletic performance. Prior ‘warm-up’ exercise is widely advocated before exercise performance in order to ‘prime’ the physiological mechanisms of power generation and energy supply. In the present review, we examine evidence that prior exercise, in both the horse and the human, results in marked increases in O2 supply and utilization during subsequent intense exercise. Much of this evidence stems from the study of pulmonary oxygen uptake dynamics and the related concepts of oxygen deficit and critical power. We, therefore, also review the effect of prior exercise in light of the exercise intensity domains in which the prior and subsequent exercise performances take place. Recent evidence suggests that both moderate and heavy exercise should improve subsequent severe exercise performance in both species by ∼2–3%, although much work remains to be done to establish the ‘optimal’ warm-up regime(s).

Optimizing the “priming” effect: influence of prior exercise intensity and recovery duration on O2 uptake kinetics and severe-intensity exercise tolerance

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1743-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Bailey ◽  
Anni Vanhatalo ◽  
Daryl P. Wilkerson ◽  
Fred J. DiMenna ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Exercise Tolerance ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Step Cycle ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Recovery Duration ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

It has been suggested that a prior bout of high-intensity exercise has the potential to enhance performance during subsequent high-intensity exercise by accelerating the O2 uptake (V̇o2) on-response. However, the optimal combination of prior exercise intensity and subsequent recovery duration required to elicit this effect is presently unclear. Eight male participants, aged 18–24 yr, completed step cycle ergometer exercise tests to 80% of the difference between the preestablished gas exchange threshold and maximal V̇o2 (i.e., 80%Δ) after no prior exercise (control) and after six different combinations of prior exercise intensity and recovery duration: 40%Δ with 3 min (40-3-80), 9 min (40-9-80), and 20 min (40-20-80) of recovery and 70%Δ with 3 min (70-3-80), 9 min (70-9-80), and 20 min (70-20-80) of recovery. Overall V̇o2 kinetics were accelerated relative to control in all conditions except for 40-9-80 and 40-20-80 conditions as a consequence of a reduction in the V̇o2 slow component amplitude; the phase II time constant was not significantly altered with any prior exercise/recovery combination. Exercise tolerance at 80%Δ was improved by 15% and 30% above control in the 70-9-80 and 70-20-80 conditions, respectively, but was impaired by 16% in the 70-3-80 condition. Prior exercise at 40%Δ did not significantly influence exercise tolerance regardless of the recovery duration. These data demonstrate that prior high-intensity exercise (∼70%Δ) can enhance the tolerance to subsequent high-intensity exercise provided that it is coupled with adequate recovery duration (≥9 min). This combination presumably optimizes the balance between preserving the effects of prior exercise on V̇o2 kinetics and providing sufficient time for muscle homeostasis (e.g., muscle phosphocreatine and H+ concentrations) to be restored.

The effect of prior exercise intensity on oxygen uptake kinetics during high-intensity running exercise in trained subjects

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar do Nascimento ◽  
Ricardo Dantas de Lucas ◽  
Kristopher Mendes de Souza ◽  
Rafael Alves de Aguiar ◽  
Benedito Sérgio Denadai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Running Exercise ◽  
Prior Exercise

Recovery of short-term power after dynamic exercise

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Hitchcock
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Prior Exercise ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Initial Power ◽  
Power Recovery

The intensity of prior cycle ergometer exercise alters the pattern in recovery of maximal short-term power output (STPO). STPO was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 min of recovery. Immediately after exercise, STPO fell to 85, 75, 55, and 47% of preexercise values for prior exercise equivalent to 60, 80, 100, and 120% of maximal O2 uptake, respectively. STPO had fully recovered by 1 min of postexercise after submaximal work rates (60 and 80%). Recovery was delayed until after 4 min of postexercise after maximal exercise (100%). STPO remained at approximately 90% of preexercise values 8 min postexercise after supramaximal exercise (120%). STPO immediately after exercise and during recovery was inversely proportional to prior exercise intensity. The recovery curve for STPO was similar to that previously reported for creatine phosphate resynthesis after dynamic and isometric exercise. The absolute STPO regained in the initial phase was not inversely proportional to either exercise intensity or 4-min postexercise blood lactate levels, which suggests that factors other than changes in pH alone may mediate initial power recovery.

Effect of carbohydrate feedings during high-intensity exercise

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1703-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Coggan ◽  
E. F. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding ◽  
Upper Limits

To determine the upper limits of steady-state exercise performance and carbohydrate oxidation late in exercise, seven trained men were studied on two occasions during prolonged cycling that alternated every 15 min between approximately 60% and approximately 85% of VO2max. When fed a sweet placebo throughout exercise, plasma glucose and respiratory exchange ratio (R) declined (P less than 0.05) from 5.0 +/- 0.1 mM and 0.91 +/- 0.01 after 30 min (i.e., at 85% VO2max) to 3.7 +/- 0.3 mM and 0.79 +/- 0.01 at fatigue (i.e., when the subjects were unable to continue exercise at 60% VO2max). Carbohydrate feeding throughout exercise (1 g/kg at 10 min, then 0.6 g/kg every 30 min) increased plasma glucose to approximately 6 mM and partially prevented this decline in carbohydrate oxidation, allowing the men to perform 19% more work (2.74 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.29 +/- 0.09 MJ, P less than 0.05) before fatiguing. Even when fed carbohydrate, however, by the 3rd h of exercise, R had fallen from 0.92 to 0.87, accompanied by a reduction in exercise intensity from approximately 85% to approximately 75% VO2max (both P less than 0.05). These data indicate that carbohydrate feedings enable trained cyclists to exercise at up to 75% VO2max and to oxidize carbohydrate at up to 2 g/min during the later stages of prolonged intense exercise.

scholarly journals Nitrate Treatment Alters Metabolite Abundance and Fuel Preference in Exercised Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1773-1773
Author(s):  
Mandy Wolfe ◽  
Laura Beaver ◽  
Rosa Keller ◽  
Norman Hord
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Nitrate Treatment

Abstract Objectives Nitrate, found abundantly in green leafy vegetables, may improve exercise performance by increasing availability and utilization of metabolic fuels that require less oxygen for energy production. However, it is not known if the performance effect occurs at the peak exercise intensity. We hypothesize that supplemental nitrate treatment will promote the metabolism of specific fuels (carbohydrates versus fatty acids) during exercise that require less oxygen to produce ATP. Metabolic analysis will quantify if a net change in these fuels are linked to an improvement in exercise performance with nitrate treatment during submaximal exercise conditions. Methods Adult zebrafish were exposed to sodium nitrate (606.9 mg NaNO3/L water) or control water for 21 days (n = 54). Fish were sampled at three conditions during a graded exercise test: 1) rested, 2) peak speed, and 3) post-exercise. Whole fish tissue was homogenized and analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography Triple Q-ToF mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics. Results Metabolomics analysis resulted in the detection of 12,135 and 10,604 features in positive and negative ion mode respectively. Preliminary results show succinate levels significantly increased in nitrate-treated rested fish as compared to control rested fish. Likewise, a significant increase in methylmalonate, which serves as a vital intermediate in the catabolism of lipids and protein, was detected in nitrate-treated fish at rest relative to rested controls. Nitrate treatment both at rest and at peak exercise intensity, significantly increased the abundance of various acyl carnitines relative to control fish at the same exercise intensity, and these metabolites function to transfer long-chain fatty acids to mitochondria for β-oxidation, relative to control fish at the same exercise intensity. Work is ongoing to further identify metabolites that significantly changed with nitrate treatment at various exercise intensities. Conclusions Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that nitrate treatment may alter lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of zebrafish. Funding Sources Celia Strickland and G. Kenneth Austin III Endowment, the Oregon Agricultural Experimental Station, and National Institutes of Health.

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