Phosphorus application increases root growth, improves daily water use during the reproductive stage, and increases grain yield in soybean subjected to water shortage

A major barrier to the adoption of precision agriculture in dryland cropping systems is our current inability to reliably predict spatial patterns of grain yield for future crops for a specific paddock. An experiment was undertaken to develop a better understanding of how edaphic and climatic factors interact to influence the spatial variation in the growth, water use, and grain yield of different crops in a single paddock so as to improve predictions of the likely spatial pattern of grain yields in future crops. Changes in a range of crop and soil properties were monitored over 3 consecutive seasons (barley in 2005 and 2007 and lentils in 2006) in the southern section of a 167-ha paddock in the Mallee region of Victoria, which had been classified into 3 different yield (low, moderate, and high) and seasonal variability (stable and variable) zones using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and historic yield maps. The different management zones reflected marked differences in a range of soil properties including both texture in the topsoil and potential chemical-physical constraints in the subsoil (SSCs) to root growth and water use. Dry matter production, grain yield, and quality differed significantly between the yield zones but the relative difference between zones was reduced when supplementary irrigation was applied to barley in 2005, suggesting that some other factor, e.g. nitrogen (N), may have become limiting in that year. There was a strong relationship between crop growth and the use of soil water and nitrate across the management zones, with most water use by the crop occurring in the pre-anthesis/flowering period, but the nature of this relationship appeared to vary with year and/or crop type. In 2006, lentil yield was strongly related to crop establishment, which varied with soil texture and differences in plant-available water. In 2007 the presence of soil water following a good break to the season permitted root growth into the subsoil where there was evidence that SSCs may have adversely affected crop growth. Because of potential residual effects of one crop on another, e.g. through differential N supply and use, we conclude that the utility of the NDVI methodology for developing zone management maps could be improved by using historical records and data for a range of crop types rather than pooling data from a range of seasons.

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Effects of Phosphorus Application in Different Soil Layers on Root Growth, Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat Grown Under Semi-Arid Conditions

Journal of Integrative Agriculture ◽

10.1016/s2095-3119(14)60751-6 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 2028-2039 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Li-yun KANG ◽

Shan-chao YUE ◽

Shi-qing LI

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Root Growth ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Arid Conditions ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Phosphorus Application ◽

Semi Arid

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Effects of Different Tillage Systems on Soil Properties, Root Growth, Grain Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China

Journal of Integrative Agriculture ◽

10.1016/s2095-3119(12)60125-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1286-1296 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Gao-bao HUANG ◽

Qiang CHAI ◽

Fu-xue FENG ◽

Ai-zhong YU

Keyword(s):

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Use ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Northwest China ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Arid Northwest China

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Response of root development and nutrient uptake of two chinese cultivars of hybrid rice to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in Sichuan Province, China

Molecular Biology Reports ◽

10.1007/s11033-021-06835-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guotao Yang ◽

Farhan Nabi ◽

Sumbal Sajid ◽

Abdul Rasheed Kaleri ◽

Ali Murad Jakhar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Chemical Fertilization ◽

Phosphorus Application

Abstract Background Chemical fertilization helped modern agriculture in grain yield improvement to ensure food security. The response of chemical fertilization for higher hybrid rice production is highly dependent on optimal fertilization management in paddy fields. To assess such responses, in the current work we examine the yield, root growth, and expression of related genes responsible for stress metabolism of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in two hybrid-rice cultivars Deyou4727 (D47) and Yixiangyou2115 (Y21). Methods and results The experiment followed four nitrogen (N) (N0, N60, N120, and N180 kg/ha) and phosphorus (P) (P0, P60, P90, and P120 kg/ha) fertilizer levels. The grain yield in D47 was more sensitive to nitrogen application, while Y21 was more sensitive to phosphorus application, which resulted in comparatively higher biomass and yield. Our findings were corroborated by gene expression studies of glutamine synthetase OsGS1;1 and OsGS1;2 and phosphate starvation-related genes PHR1 and SPX, confirming sensitivity to N and P application. The number of roots was less sensitive to nitrogen application in D47 between N0 and N60, but the overall nutrient response difference was significantly higher due to the deep rooting system as compared to Y21. Conclusions The higher yield, high N and P use efficiency, and versatile root growth of D47 make it suitable to reduce unproductive usage of N and P from paddy fields, improving hybrid rice productivity, and environmental safety in the Sichuan basin area of China.

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Morphological plasticity of root growth under mild water stress increases water use efficiency without reducing yield in maize

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-14-3851-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (16) ◽

pp. 3851-3858 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Qian Cai ◽

Yulong Zhang ◽

Zhanxiang Sun ◽

Jiaming Zheng ◽

Wei Bai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Morphological Plasticity ◽

Drought Risk ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Mild Water Stress

Abstract. A large yield gap exists in rain-fed maize (Zea mays L.) production in semi-arid regions, mainly caused by frequent droughts halfway through the crop-growing period due to uneven distribution of rainfall. It is questionable whether irrigation systems are economically required in such a region since the total amount of rainfall does generally meet crop requirements. This study aimed to quantitatively determine the effects of water stress from jointing to grain filling on root and shoot growth and the consequences for maize grain yield, above- and below-ground dry matter, water uptake (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE). Pot experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 with a mobile rain shelter to achieve conditions of no, mild or severe water stress. Maize yield was not affected by mild water stress over 2 years, while severe stress reduced yield by 56 %. Both water stress levels decreased root biomass slightly but shoot biomass substantially. Mild water stress decreased root length but increased root diameter, resulting in no effect on root surface area. Due to the morphological plasticity in root growth and the increase in root ∕ shoot ratio, WU under water stress was decreased, and overall WUE for both above-ground dry matter and grain yield increased. Our results demonstrate that an irrigation system might be not economically and ecologically necessary because the frequently occurring mild water stress did not reduce crop yield much. The study helps us to understand crop responses to water stress during a critical water-sensitive period (middle of the crop-growing season) and to mitigate drought risk in dry-land agriculture.

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Effect of a limited water input on root growth, water use and grain yield of wheat

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/0378-4290(85)90020-6 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 125-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R.K. Misra ◽

T.N. Chaudhary

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Water Use

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Response of Root Development and Nutrient Uptake of Two Chinese Cultivars of Hybrid Rice to N and P Fertilization in Sichuan Province, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-828647/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guotao Yang ◽

Farhan Nabi ◽

Sumbal Sajid ◽

Abdul Rasheed Kaleri ◽

Ali Murad Jakhar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Hybrid Rice ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

P Uptake ◽

Paddy Fields ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Response Sensitivity ◽

Chemical Fertilization ◽

Phosphorus Application

Abstract Chemical fertilization helped modern agriculture in enhancing grain yield to overcome food security. The response of chemical fertilization for higher hybrid rice production is highly dependent on optimal fertilization management in paddy fields. To assess such responses, the current research examined the yield, root growth, and expression of related genes responsible for stress metabolism of N and P in two hybrid-rice cultivars Deyou4727 (D47) and Yixiangyou2115 (Y21). The experiment followed four N (N0, N60, N120, and N180 kg/ha) and P (P0, P60, P90, and P120 kg/ha) fertilizer levels. The D47 was more sensitive toward nitrogen application, which resulted in comparatively higher biomass and yield, while Y21 was more sensitive toward phosphorus application. The grain yield was more sensitive to nitrogen application in D47 but not in Y21. Our findings were corroborated by gene expression studies of glutamine synthetase OsGS1;1 and OsGS1;2 and phosphate starvation-related genes PHR1 and SPX, which also concluded D47 response sensitivity towards N application and Y21 response sensitivity toward P application. In the case of root numbers, D47 was less sensitive in low nitrogen application N0-N60, but the overall nutrient response difference was significantly higher due to the deep rooting system as compare to Y21. The higher yield, low N and P uptake, and versatile root growth of D47 make it suitable to reduce unproductive usage of N and P from paddy fields, improving hybrid rice productivity, and environmental safety in the Sichuan basin area of China.

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Nutrient economy through land configuration and residue management in a greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping sequence with limited water supplies

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.52.2004.4.6 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 369-379

Author(s):

B. G. Shivakumar ◽

B. N. Mishra ◽

R. C. Gautam

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Residue Management ◽

Phosphorus Fertilization ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Preceding Crop ◽

Cropping Sequence ◽

Phosphorus Application

A field experiment on a greengram-wheat cropping sequence was carried out under limited water supply conditions in 1997-98 and 1998-99 at the farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The greengram was sown either on flat beds or on broad beds 2 m in width, divided by furrows, with 0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha. After the harvest of greengram pods, wheat was grown in the same plots, either with the greengram stover removed or with the stover incorporated along with 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha applied to wheat. The grain yield of greengram was higher when sown on broad beds with furrows compared to flat bed sowing, and the application of 30 or 60 kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher grain yields compared to no phosphorus application. The combination of broad bed and furrows with phosphorus fertilization was found to be ideal for achieving higher productivity in greengram. The land configuration treatments had no impact on the productivity of wheat. The application of phosphorus to the preceding crop had a significant residual effect on the grain yield of wheat. The incorporation of greengram stover also significantly increased the grain yield of wheat. The increasing levels of N increased the grain yield of wheat significantly up to 80 kg/ha. The combination of greengram stover incorporation and 80 kg N/ha applied to wheat significantly increased the grain yield. Further, there was a significant interaction effect between the phosphorus applied to the preceding crop and N levels given to wheat on the grain yield of wheat.

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