Functional neuroimaging in anorexia nervosa: A clinical approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Pietrini ◽  
G. Castellini ◽  
V. Ricca ◽  
C. Polito ◽  
A. Pupi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Clinical Approach ◽  
Cerebral Activity ◽  
High Level

AbstractAimsTo provide a review of the available literature about the functional neuroimaging of anorexia nervosa, and to summarize the possible role of neurobiological factors in its pathogenesis.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Medline electronic database (1950–September 2009). Eligible studies were restricted to those involving the main parameters of cerebral activity and functional neuroimaging techniques. Findings of the reviewed studies have been grouped on a diagnostic subtype basis, and their comparison has been interpreted in terms of concordance.ResultsWe found a high level of concordance among available studies with regard to the presence of frontal, parietal and cingulate functional disturbances in both anorexia nervosa restricting and binge/purging subtypes. Concordance among studies conducted regardless of the anorexia nervosa subtypes suggests an alteration in temporal and parietal functions and striatal metabolism.ConclusionsThe most consistent alterations in anorexia nervosa cerebral activity seem to involve the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the inferior parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate cortex and the caudate nucleus. They may affect different neural systems such as the frontal visual system, the attention network, the arousal and emotional processing systems, the reward processing network, and the network for the body schema.

scholarly journals The Lateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Work as a Dynamic Integrated System: Evidence from fMRI Connectivity Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Longe ◽  
Carl Senior ◽  
Gina Rippon
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Anterior Cingulate

Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations of the interaction between cognition and reward processing have found that the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) areas are preferentially activated to both increasing cognitive demand and reward level. Conversely, ventromedial PFC (VMPFC) areas show decreased activation to the same conditions, indicating a possible reciprocal relationship between cognitive and emotional processing regions. We report an fMRI study of a rewarded working memory task, in which we further explore how the relationship between reward and cognitive processing is mediated. We not only assess the integrity of reciprocal neural connections between the lateral PFC and VMPFC brain regions in different experimental contexts but also test whether additional cortical and subcortical regions influence this relationship. Psychophysiological interaction analyses were used as a measure of functional connectivity in order to characterize the influence of both cognitive and motivational variables on connectivity between the lateral PFC and the VMPFC. Psychophysiological interactions revealed negative functional connectivity between the lateral PFC and the VMPFC in the context of high memory load, and high memory load in tandem with a highly motivating context, but not in the context of reward alone. Physiophysiological interactions further indicated that the dorsal anterior cingulate and the caudate nucleus modulate this pathway. These findings provide evidence for a dynamic interplay between lateral PFC and VMPFC regions and are consistent with an emotional gating role for the VMPFC during cognitively demanding tasks. Our findings also support neuropsychological theories of mood disorders, which have long emphasized a dysfunctional relationship between emotion/motivational and cognitive processes in depression.

scholarly journals Overlapping neurobehavioral circuits in ADHD, obesity, and binge eating: evidence from neuroimaging research

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Seymour ◽  
Shauna P. Reinblatt ◽  
Leora Benson ◽  
Susan Carnell
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Loss Of Control ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Pediatric Populations

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conditions involving excessive eating (eg, obesity, binge/loss of control eating) are increasingly prevalent within pediatric populations, and correlational and some longitudinal studies have suggested inter-relationships between these disorders. In addition, a number of common neural correlates are emerging across conditions, eg, functional abnormalities within circuits subserving reward processing and executive functioning. To explore this potential cross-condition overlap in neurobehavioral underpinnings, we selectively review relevant functional neuroimaging literature, specifically focusing on studies probing (i) reward processing, (ii) response inhibition, and (iii) emotional processing and regulation, and we outline 3 specific shared neurobehavioral circuits. Based on our review, we also identify gaps within the literature that would benefit from further research.

Unilateral body neglect: schemas versus images?

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-266
Author(s):  
Laurence Havé ◽  
Anne-Emmanuelle Priot ◽  
Laure Pisella ◽  
Gilles Rode ◽  
Yves Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Neglect ◽  
Unilateral Spatial Neglect ◽  
Neurological Condition ◽  
Puzzling Aspect ◽  
Image Schema ◽  
High Level

Unilateral spatial neglect has been extensively described for visual and representational manifestations but tactile and motor manifestations as well as body neglect point to bodily manifestations of this neurological condition. This chapter reviews the perceptual, motoric and high-level representational symptoms manifested in neglect patients and attempt to classify them according to the body image/schema framework. One puzzling aspect of the wide spectrum of body neglect symptoms is that physiological bottom-up maneuvers, such as prism adaptation, which act at the level of body schema, do also efficiently improve body image manifestations of neglect. This relationship allows us to elaborate on the dialectical relationships between body image and body schema. Thus, understanding body neglect in terms of diagnosis, evaluation, physiopathology and therapeutics through the dynamical interactions between body schema and body neglect, provide perspectives to manage other lateralized body troubles, neglect-like manifestations of bodily attention or distorted representations.

scholarly journals Taste, olfactory and food texture reward processing in the brain and the control of appetite

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund T. Rolls
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Food Texture ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Reward Value

Complementary neuronal recordings and functional neuroimaging in human subjects show that the primary taste cortex in the anterior insula provides separate and combined representations of the taste, temperature and texture (including fat texture) of food in the mouth independently of hunger and thus of reward value and pleasantness. One synapse on, in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), these sensory inputs are for some neurons combined by learning with olfactory and visual inputs, and these neurons encode food reward in that they only respond to food when hungry, and in that activations correlate with subjective pleasantness. Cognitive factors, including word-level descriptions, and attention modulate the representation of the reward value of food in the OFC and a region to which it projects, the anterior cingulate cortex. Further, there are individual differences in the representation of the reward value of food in the OFC. It is argued that over-eating and obesity are related in many cases to an increased reward value of the sensory inputs produced by foods, and their modulation by cognition and attention that over-ride existing satiety signals. It is proposed that control of all rather than one or several of these factors that influence food reward and eating may be important in the prevention and treatment of overeating and obesity.

Brain networks sub-serving self-referential processing in depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S45-S45 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wagner ◽  
C. Schachtzabel ◽  
G. Peikert ◽  
K.J. Bär
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Referential Processing

IntroductionPersistent pondering over negative self-related thoughts is a central feature of depressive psychopathology.ObjectivesIn the present study, we sought to investigate the neural correlates of abnormal negative self-referential processing (SRP) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and its impact on subsequent cognitive control-related neuronal activation.AimsWe hypothesized aberrant activation dynamics during the period of negative and neutral SRP in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and in the amygdala in patients with MDD. We assumed abnormal activation in the fronto-cingulate network during Stroop task execution.MethodsNineteen depressed patients and 20 healthy controls participated in the study. Using an event-related fMRI design, negative, positive and neutral self-referential statements were displayed for 6.5s and followed by incongruent or congruent Stroop conditions.ResultsIn contrast to controls, patients did not exhibit valence-dependent rACC activation differences during SRP. A novel finding was the significant activation of the amygdala and the reward-processing network during presentation of neutral self-referential stimuli relative to baseline and to affective stimuli in patients. The fMRI analysis of the Stroop task revealed a reduced BOLD activation in the right frontoparietal network of patients in the incongruent condition after negative SRP only.ConclusionsThus, the inflexible activation in the rACC may correspond to the inability of depressed patients to shift their attention away from negative self-related stimuli. The accompanying negative affect and task-irrelevant emotional processing may compete for neuronal resources with cognitive control processes and lead thereby to deficient cognitive performance associated with decreased frontoparietal activation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The role of the right parietal lobe in anorexia nervosa

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1531-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nico ◽  
E. Daprati ◽  
N. Nighoghossian ◽  
E. Carrier ◽  
J.-R. Duhamel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Body Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Body Boundary ◽  
The Right

BackgroundPatients with anorexia nervosa (AN) overestimate their size despite being severely underweight. Whether this misperception echoes an underlying emotional disturbance or also reflects a genuine body-representation deficit is debatable. Current measures inquire directly about subjective perception of body image, thus distinguishing poorly between top-down effects of emotions/attitudes towards the body and disturbances due to proprioceptive disorders/distorted body schema. Disorders of body representation also emerge following damage to the right parietal lobe. The possibility that parietal dysfunction might contribute to AN is suspected, based on the demonstrated association of spatial impairments, comparable to those found after parietal lesion, with this syndrome.MethodWe used a behavioral task to compare body knowledge in severe anorexics (n=8), healthy volunteers (n=11) and stroke patients with focal damage to the left/right parietal lobe (n=4). We applied a psychophysical procedure based on the perception, in the dark, of an approaching visual stimulus that was turned off before reaching the observer. Participants had to predict whether the stimulus would have hit/missed their body, had it continued its linear motion.ResultsHealthy volunteers and left parietal patients estimated body boundaries very close to the real ones. Conversely, anorexics and right parietal patients underestimated eccentricity of their left body boundary.ConclusionsThese findings are in line with the role the parietal cortex plays in developing and maintaining body representation, and support the possibility for a neuropsychological component in the pathogenesis of anorexia, offering alternative approaches to treatment of the disorder.

Separating two components of body image in anorexia nervosa using fMRI

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1519-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Mohr ◽  
J. Zimmermann ◽  
C. Röder ◽  
C. Lenz ◽  
G. Overbeck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Satisfaction Rating ◽  
Differential Modulations

BackgroundBody image distortion is a key symptom of anorexia nervosa. In behavioral research two components of body image have been defined: attitudes towards the body and body size experience. Neuroimaging studies concerning own body image distortions in anorexia nervosa have revealed an inconsistent pattern of results and are constrained by the fact that no direct distinction between the different parts of body image has been made.MethodThe present study therefore set out to investigate the neural correlates of two parts of the own body image using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): satisfaction rating and size estimation for distorted own body photographs in patients with anorexia nervosa and controls.ResultsAnorectic patients were less satisfied with their current body shape than controls. Patients further demonstrated stronger activation of the insula and lateral prefrontal cortex during the satisfaction rating of thin self-images. This indicates a stronger emotional involvement when patients are presented with distorted images close to their own ideal body size. Patients also overestimated their own body size. We were able to show complex differential modulations in activation of the precuneus during body size estimation in control and anorectic subjects. It could be speculated that a deficit in the retrieval of a multimodal coded body schema in precuneus/posterior parietal cortex is related to body size overestimation.ConclusionsWe were able to find specific behavioral responses and neural activation patterns for two parts of body image in anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Thus, the present results underline the importance of developing research and therapeutic strategies that target the two different aspects of body image separately.

The body image–body schema/ownership–agency model for pathologies: four case studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 328-348
Author(s):  
Aviya Ben David ◽  
Yochai Ataria
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Agency Model ◽  
Post Traumatic

The body image/body schema–ownership/agency (BI-BS/Ow-Ag) model seeks to explain different kinds of pathologies as part of a unified model. As part of this endeavour, this chapter attempts to apply the BI-BS/Ow-Ag model to the following phenomena: body integrity identity disorder (BIID), schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa (AN), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

scholarly journals Regional brain abnormalities in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Kamalian ◽  
Tina khodadadifar ◽  
Amin Saberi ◽  
Maryam Masoudi ◽  
Julia Camilleri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have reported brain alterations in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). However, they pointed to inconsistent findings. METHODS: We used a meta-analytic approach to identify the convergent structural and functional brain abnormalities in bvFTD. Following the best-practice neuroimaging meta-analysis guidelines, we searched PubMed and Embase databases and performed reference tracking. Then, the coordinates of group comparisons between bvFTD and controls from 73 studies were extracted and tested for convergence using activation likelihood estimation. RESULTS: We identified convergent abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortices, anterior insula, amygdala, paracingulate, striatum, and hippocampus. Task-based and resting-state functional connectivity pointed to the joint networks that are connected to the obtained consistent regions. Functional decoding analyses suggested associated dysfunction of emotional processing, interoception, reward processing, higher-order cognitive functions, olfactory and gustatory perceptions in bvFTD.DISCUSSION: Our findings highlighted a key role of the salience network and subcortical regions in the pathophysiology of bvFTD.

scholarly journals Parietal maps of visual signals for bodily action planning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy A. Orban ◽  
Alessia Sepe ◽  
Luca Bonini
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Body Schema ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Social World ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
High Level ◽  
Motor Actions

AbstractThe posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has long been understood as a high-level integrative station for computing motor commands for the body based on sensory (i.e., mostly tactile and visual) input from the outside world. In the last decade, accumulating evidence has shown that the parietal areas not only extract the pragmatic features of manipulable objects, but also subserve sensorimotor processing of others’ actions. A paradigmatic case is that of the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), which encodes the identity of observed manipulative actions that afford potential motor actions the observer could perform in response to them. On these bases, we propose an AIP manipulative action-based template of the general planning functions of the PPC and review existing evidence supporting the extension of this model to other PPC regions and to a wider set of actions: defensive and locomotor actions. In our model, a hallmark of PPC functioning is the processing of information about the physical and social world to encode potential bodily actions appropriate for the current context. We further extend the model to actions performed with man-made objects (e.g., tools) and artifacts, because they become integral parts of the subject’s body schema and motor repertoire. Finally, we conclude that existing evidence supports a generally conserved neural circuitry that transforms integrated sensory signals into the variety of bodily actions that primates are capable of preparing and performing to interact with their physical and social world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document