The cannabis profile: A high-risk subtype

IntroductionThe first phase following the diagnosis of a first psychotic episode (FEP), is crucial to determine clinical and functional long-term outcome. Cannabis exerts a mediating action on the debut of the disease and determines a poor prognosis.ObjectivesThe description of a specific population profile of increased vulnerability to maintain cannabis use after a FEP could help to identify this high risk subtype of patients and speed up the implementation of specific interventions.Materials and methodsOne hundred and seventy-eight patients were recruited from PAFIP (early intervention program on FEP), obtaining detailed socio-demographic assessment. They were followed-up for a year during which cannabis consumption was assessed by Drake scale every three months. We divided the sample into two groups:– those patients who neither smoked cannabis before the FEP nor during follow-up period (nn);– consumers group: cannabis users before the FEP who kept on smoking during the follow-up period (ss) and those who smoked before the FEP and gave up consumption during follow-up (sn).ResultsStatistically significant differences between groups were observed. The consumers group (ss + sn) had an earlier age of onset, most were male, unemployed, single, prone to loneliness and they were concomitant users of alcohol and tobacco.ConclusionsThe use of cannabis has a detrimental effect on the outcome of schizophrenia. A specific and early intervention could contribute to prognostic improvements. Identifying cannabis consumption subtypes could be useful for this purpose.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Download Full-text

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.70.4.525 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 525-525

Author(s):

Robert J. Haggerty

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Early Onset ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Outcome Studies ◽

Psychosomatic Disorder ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Follow Up Studies

Anorexia nervosa is a serious psychosomatic disorder which most typically begins between 16 and 18 years of age. Clinicians have often held that early onset (eg, ages 11 to 15) is associated with a better outcome. This paper reviews the long-term outcome studies on anorexia nervosa and concludes that this contention is not supported by available data. The methodologies of seven outcome studies that focus on an early onset population are critiqued, and it is concluded that two methodologies are strong. Because of the increasing prevalence of anorexia nervosa, this once rare disorder can now be more easily investigated, and consequently better follow-up studies, which examine potential prognostic factors including age of onset, should be forthcoming.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Cannabis in the Early Stages of Schizophrenia: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study on Cannabis Influence on Relapse Rates

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.2137 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S196-S197

Author(s):

M. Gomez Revuelta ◽

M. Juncal Ruiz ◽

O. Porta Olivares ◽

V. Gajardo Galan ◽

G. Pardo de Santayana Jenaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intervention Program ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Rank Test ◽

First Episode ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Early Stages ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

IntroductionThe first five years after the onset of a first episode of psychosis (FEP) are crucial for long term outcome. In this period, the risk of relapse is particularly high. Consequences of relapse include an increased risk of neurotoxicity, chronicity, hospitalization, decreased response to treatment, increased economic burden and functional impairment.ObjectivesTo discern the influence of cannabis on relapse as it may contribute to adopt specific measures in patients during early stages of the illness.Material and methodsPAFIP is an early intervention program for patients with a FEP. Between January 2005 and January 2011, 163 patients were recruited for this study. They were followed-up during 3 years at intervals of three months. The sample was divided into three groups: (1) those non-cannabis users neither before the FEP nor during follow-up (nn), (2) consumers before the FEP and during follow-up (ss) and (3) consumers before the FEP that gave up consumption during follow-up (sn).ResultsNo statistically significant differences between the three groups were observed but a trend (P = 0.057) towards a more enduring survival in Group 3 (sn). (Kaplan–Meier curve and detailed Log Rank Test results will be included in the final poster).ConclusionsCannabis has a detrimental effect on schizophrenia. The interruption of its use could contribute to improve the outcome of the disease, as the results of our study suggest.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Download Full-text

Neurocognitive and Clinical Predictors of Long-Term Outcome in Adolescents at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis: A 6-Year Follow-Up

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0093994 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e93994 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Tim Ziermans ◽

Sanne de Wit ◽

Patricia Schothorst ◽

Mirjam Sprong ◽

Herman van Engeland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Clinical Predictors ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Ultra High Risk

Download Full-text

Clinical and functional ultra-long-term outcome of patients with a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.08.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 30-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katharina Beck ◽

Erich Studerus ◽

Christina Andreou ◽

Laura Egloff ◽

Letizia Leanza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Psychosocial Functioning ◽

Original Sample ◽

Clinical High Risk ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Risk Status ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Follow Up

Abstract Background: Few studies have followed up patients with a clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis for more than 2–3 years. We aimed to investigate the rates and baseline predictors for remission from CHR and transition to psychosis over a follow-up period of up to 16 years. Additionally, we examined the clinical and functional long-term outcome of CHR patients who did not transition. Methods: We analyzed the long-term course of CHR patients that had been included in the longitudinal studies “Früherkennung von Psychosen” (FePsy) or “Bruderholz” (BHS). Those patients who had not transitioned to psychosis during the initial follow-up periods (2/5 years), were invited for additional follow-ups. Results: Originally, 255 CHR patients had been included. Of these, 47 had transitioned to psychosis during the initial follow-ups. Thus, 208 were contacted for the long-term follow-up, of which 72 (34.6%) participated. From the original sample of 255, 26%, 31%, 35%, and 38% were estimated to have transitioned after 3, 5, 10, and 16 years, respectively, and 51% had remitted from their high risk status at the latest follow-up. Better psychosocial functioning at baseline was associated with a higher rate of remission. Of the 72 CHR patients re-assessed at long-term follow-up, 60 had not transitioned, but only 28% of those were fully recovered clinically and functionally. Conclusions: Our study shows the need for follow-ups and clinical attention longer than the usual 2–3 years as there are several CHR patients with later transitions and only a minority of CHR those without transition fully recovers.

Download Full-text

The impact of Cannabis in Schizophrenia: Pafip Three-year Longitudinal Study on Outcome and Functionality After a First Episode of Psychosis

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1962 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S136-S137

Author(s):

M. Gomez Revuelta ◽

M. Juncal Ruiz ◽

O. Porta Olivares ◽

M. Fernández Rodríguez ◽

D. Abejas Díez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intervention Program ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

First Episode ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

IntroductionThe association between cannabis and psychosis makes crucial the intervention on cannabis use disorder at first episodes of psychosis (FEP), especially among young population. In this group of patients, the harmful potential of cannabis is more evident by its influence on neurodevelopment. However, the nature of the association cannabis-psychosis is not clearly described. It seems to represent a mediating factor for an increased risk of psychosis in healthy and high-risk populations, determining an earlier age of onset and worsening long term outcome.ObjectivesTo assess the impact of cannabis in terms of functional and clinical prognosis in patients recruited after a FEP.Material and methodsPAFIP is an early intervention program for early stages of psychosis. One hundred and sixty-three were included, followed-up at regular intervals of six months for three years with administration of clinical and functional scales (BPRS, SAPS, SANS, CDRS, GAF and Drake). Patients were divided into three groups: (1) those non-users neither before the onset nor during follow-up (nn) PEP, (2) consumers before the FEP and during follow-up (ss) and (3) consumers before the FEP that gave up consumption during follow-up (sn).ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed in terms of functionality at three-year follow-up endpoint but a trend to a better-preserved functionality in the sn group. The sn group presented lower scores in scales for positive symptoms with respect to the comparison groups.ConclusionsThe interruption in cannabis use may have a beneficial effect on short-term clinical prognosis and functionality on long term.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Download Full-text

Clinical Outcomes following Endoscopic Treatment for Sporadic Nonampullary Duodenal Adenoma

Digestive Diseases ◽

10.1159/000504249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 364-372

Author(s):

Hee Kyong Na ◽

Do Hoon Kim ◽

Ji Yong Ahn ◽

Jeong Hoon Lee ◽

Kee Wook Jung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Endoscopic Treatment ◽

Argon Plasma Coagulation ◽

Resection Rate ◽

Duodenal Adenoma ◽

En Bloc ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome

Background and Aims: Endoscopic treatment for duodenal neoplasms is associated with a high risk of perforation. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of endoscopic treatment for sporadic nonampullary duodenal adenoma (SNDA). Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic treatment for SNDA between January 2005 and December 2015 were included in the study. Clinical characteristics and endoscopic outcomes were analyzed using medical records. Long-term outcome was assessed in patients whose follow-up period was >12 months >1 year. Results: A total of 95 lesions (92 patients) were treated with argon plasma coagulation (APC) ablation (n = 25), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR, n = 59), or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD, n= 11). The median age was 54.9 years, and 63% were male. In patients who underwent EMR and ESD, the en bloc resection rate was 83.1 and 90.0% (p > 0.99); and the complete resection rate was 81.4 and 80% (p > 0.99), respectively. Perforation occurred in 8 patients (8.7%), 4 of whom required surgery. The ESD group showed a significantly higher perforation rate than APC or EMR group (45.5 vs. 0 and 5.1%; p < 0.001). During the median follow-up period of 19 months (range 12–137 months), one patient in the APC ablation group experienced recurrence; no recurrences were seen among EMR and ESD groups. Conclusions: Favorable long-term outcomes indicate that endoscopic treatment is an effective approach for the treatment of SNDA. Considering the high risk of perforation associated with ESD, APC, or EMR may be an acceptable alternative.

Download Full-text

Social cognition, functional capacity and symptoms in the longitudinal prediction of outcome in subjects with first-episode schizophrenia

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.971 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S67-S67

Author(s):

M. Nordentoft ◽

R. Wills ◽

D. Gotfredsen

Keyword(s):

Antipsychotic Medication ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

First Episode ◽

Psychotic Episode ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽

National Guidelines ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome

BackgroundSeveral national guidelines recommend continuous use of antipsychotic medication after a psychotic episode in order to minimize the risk of relapse. However some studies have identified a subgroup of patients who can obtain remission of psychotic symptoms while not being on antipsychotic medication for a long period of time. This study investigated the long-term outcome and characteristics of patients in remission of psychotic symptoms with no use of antipsychotic medication at the 10-year follow-up.MethodsThe study was a cohort study including 496 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD 10: F20 and F22-29). Patients were included in the Danish OPUS Trial and followed up 10 years after inclusion, where patient data was collected on socio-demographic factors, psychopathology, level of functioning and medication.FindingsAmong the patients, 30% had remission of psychotic symptoms at the time of the 10-year follow up with no current use of antipsychotic medication. This favorable outcome was associated with female gender, high GAF-F score, participation in the labor market and absence of substance abuse.InterpretationResults from several RCTs advise against discontinuation of antipsychotic medication, but our results from the 10-year follow-up indicate that a subgroup do obtain long-term remission while not being on antipsychotic medication. Hence, guidelines on antipsychotic medication do not pay sufficient attention to patients who discontinue antipsychotic medication and are still able to obtain remission of psychotic symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Download Full-text

Thalidomide / Dexamethasone (TD) Vs. Bortezomib (Velcade)â/Thalidomide / Dexamethasone (VTD) Vs. VBMCP/VBAD/Velcadeâ as Induction Regimens Prior Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) in Multiple Myeloma (MM): Results of a Phase III PETHEMA/GEM Trial.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.130.130 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 130-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Laura Rosiñol ◽

Ma Teresa Cibeira ◽

Joaquin Martinez ◽

Maria Victoria Mateos ◽

Albert Oriol ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Induction Therapy ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Phase Iii ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Phase Iii Trial ◽

Grade 3

Abstract Abstract 130 In April 2006, the Spanish Myeloma Group (PETHEMA/GEM) activated a randomized phase III trial comparing TD vs. VTD vs. VBMCP/VBAD/Velcadeâ in patients 65 years-old or younger with newly diagnosed symptomatic MM, followed by ASCT with MEL-200. The primary end points were response rate after induction and after ASCT and time to progression. TD consisted of thalidomide 200 mg daily (escalating doses in the first cycle) and dexamethasone 40 mg on days 1–4 and 9–12 at 4-week intervals for 6 cycles. The VTD regimen was identical to TD plus Velcade 1.3 mg/m2 on days 1,4,8,11 of each cycle. Combination chemotherapy plus Velcadeâ consisted of 4 cycles of VBMCP/VBAD on an alternating basis followed by 2 cycles of Velcadeâ (1.3 mg/m2 on days 1,4,8, and 11 every 3 weeks). The duration of the induction therapy was 24 weeks in all arms. From April 6, 2006 to August 5, 2009 the 390 planned patients entered the study. As of December 31, 2008, 305 patients (median age: 57 yrs, M: 156, F:149; IgG. 181, IgA: 71, light chain: 43, others: 10) entered the study and are the basis of the current analysis. Fifty-six (18%) patients had soft-tissue extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) and the stage according to the ISS was I in 39%, II in 41 %, III in 19 % and unknown in 1%. The prognostic factors, including cytogenetics, was similar in the 3 arms. Fifty-five (18%) patients had high-risk cytogenetics (t(4;14), t(14;16) and/or 17p deletion). Two-hundred and ninety-nine patients (TD:103, VTD: 99 and VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade®: 97) were evaluable for response and toxicity to induction therapy. The ≥ PR rate was 64%, 82% and 75% with TD, VTD and VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade®, respectively (p=NS). The IF negative CR rate was significantly higher with VTD (29%) and with VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade® (25%) than with TD (14%) (p=0.009 and p=0.04, respectively). Progressive disease (PD) was significantly higher with TD than with VTD (21% vs. 8%, p=0.009). In the overall series, PD was significanty higher in patients with EMP (34% vs. 12%, p=0.0002) with a significanty higher PD rate for TD as compared with VTD (40% vs. 14%, p=0.05). In patients with poor cytogenetics the CR rate was significantly higher with VTD than with TD (42% vs. 5%, p=0.009). In this high-risk group the PD rate was higher with TD (37%) and with VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade® (23%) than with VTD (0%) (p=0.009 and p=0.04, respectively). The incidence of thrombotic events ≥ grade 3 was higher in the TD arm (9% vs. 1% vs. 3%, p=0.07 and p=0.01) while ≥3 peripheral neuropathy was higher with VTD (14% vs. 0% and 1%, p<0.0001 and p=0.0003). Treatment was discontinued due to toxicity in 11 patients (TD: 3, VTD: 6, VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade®:2). Eight patients died during induction period (TD:5, VTD: 2, VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade®: 1) One-hundred seventy-seven patients were evaluable for response after ASCT. The post-ASCT CR rate with TD, VTD and VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade® was 40%, 59% and 48%, respectively, being significantly higher with VTD than with TD (p=0.05). The estimated overall survival at 2 years is 82% with no significant differences among the 3 arms. TTP and PFS were significantly shorter with TD (p=0.05 and p=0.012, respectively). In summary, VTD results in a higher pre- and post-ASCT CR rate as well as in a lower PD rate than TD, particularly in patients with high-risk cytogenetics or with EMP. The TTP and PFS are shorter with TD. Intermediate results are observed with VBMCP/VBAD/Velcade®. Longer follow-up is needed to establish whether or not these results will translate into a significantly different long-term outcome. Updated data will be presented at the meeting. Disclosures: Rosiñol: Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Off Label Use: Thalidomide and bortezomib are not yet approved in Spain. Cibeira:Jansse-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Mateos:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Oriol:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. García-Laraña:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. de la Rubia:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Sureda:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Palomera:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Díaz-Mediavilla:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. de Arriba:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Alegre:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Lahuerta:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. San Miguel:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Blade:Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria.

Download Full-text

Long-Term Outcome of Six Months Maintenance Chemotherapy for ALL in Children: An Extended Follow up Study of TCCSG L92-13

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v124.21.2262.2262 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 124 (21) ◽

pp. 2262-2262

Author(s):

Motohiro Kato ◽

Atsushi Manabe ◽

Sae Ishimaru ◽

Daisuke Tomizawa ◽

Daisuke Hasegawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Maintenance Therapy ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Standard Risk ◽

All Treatment

Abstract Maintenance therapy is a key component of ALL treatment. Although maintenance with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and methotrexate (MTX) is generally less hemato-toxic, it occasionally causes severe complications such as infections, and too long maintenance is possibly associated with lower adherence. Thus, the duration of maintenance should be as short as possible, but excess shortening of maintenance therapy leads to high relapse incidence, as shown in our previous clinical trial, the Tokyo Children's Cancer Study Group (TCCSG) L92-13 (1992 - 1995, n = 347). In this study, the shortened maintenance therapy to 6 months resulted in EFS of 59.5% at 5.5 years although OS was as good as 81.5%. Especially, higher relapse rate in standard-risk (SR) resulted in EFS of as low as 60.2% (Toyoda Y, et al. J Clin Oncol 2000). However, it should be noted that about 60% of ALL achieved continuous complete remission (CCR) with short maintenance therapy. Thus, to confirm long-term outcome of ALL with this short maintenance therapy, we conducted an extended follow up study of patients enrolled on the TCCSG L92-13. In the L92-13 trial, previously untreated children (15 years or younger) with ALL were enrolled, and were assigned to three risk groups, standard-risk (SR), high-risk (HR) and extremely high-risk (HEX), according to age at diagnosis, immunephenotype, sentinel cytogenetics and initial leukocyte count. All patients received four-drug induction, followed by consolidation therapy including re-induction. Maintenance therapy with daily 6-MP and weekly MTX was shortened to 6 months, and all treatment was discontinued at 12 months after diagnosis. The data was analyzed as of 2014 July. A median of follow up period of this extended study was 14.8 years, and the survival curve is shown in Figure 1A. Relapse was reported in 128 patients, with a median time of relapse was 1.8 years from diagnosis. EFS at 12 years for all patients was 58.7 +- 2.7% (59.2% for SR [n = 127], 57.8% for intermediate-risk [IR, n = 122], and 59.2% for high-risk [HR, n = 101]) and OS was 78.7 +- 2.2% (85.4% for SR, 80.0% for IR, and 69.0% for HR). Incidences of relapse and non-relapse mortality were 37.2 +- 2.6% and 3.2 +- 0.9%, respectively. Five patients (0 in SR group, 3 in HR group, and 2 in HEX group) developed secondary malignant neoplasms before relapse, which resulted in cumulative incidence of secondary malignancy of 0.9 +- 0.5% at 12 years. Patient gender was associated with the outcome, and female had better EFS (65.3 +- 3.7%) compared to male (52.2 +- 3.8%) (p = 0.04, Figure 1B). High-hyperdiploid (HHD) patients had relatively worse prognosis, with EFS of 50.0 +- 11.8%, although it is generally considered as good prognostic factor, and most of the relapsed HHD patients were salvaged and OS was 94.4 +- 5.4%. It is confirmed that 6 months maintenance therapy is insufficient for male, HHD, and standard risk patients. In contrast, most of patients who had been in first CR at previous analysis maintained CCR status. Our results demonstrate that short maintenance therapy can cure a substantial portion of ALL with extremely low non-relapse mortality, and that it may be possible to shorten the duration of maintenance therapy for female and non-HHD patients. This study provides precise information of leukemia biology and highlights the role of maintenance therapy. Ongoing molecular characterization of the cured patients will clarify the subset of patients who can be cured with short maintenance therapy. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Download Full-text

Long-Term Stability of Diagnosis and Symptom Dimensions in a Systematic Sample of Patients with Onset of Schizophrenia in Childhood and Early Adolescence. I: Nosology, Sex and Age of Onset

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.169.3.361 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 169 (3) ◽

pp. 361-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Michel Maziade ◽

Nathalie Gingras ◽

Caroune Rodrigue ◽

Stéphane Bouchard ◽

Andrée Cardinal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Adolescence ◽

Age Of Onset ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Symptom Dimensions ◽

Developmental Problems ◽

Long Term Stability

BackgroundLittle is known about the long-term outcome of schizophrenia that has its onset during childhood and early adolescence (early-onset schizophrenia, or EO-SZ). Whether or not EO-SZ is an aetiologically separate form of schizophrenia (SZ) is unresolved.MethodThe study was a 14.8-year follow-up, using methods such as systematic sampling, evaluation of possible non-respondent bias, consensus best-estimate diagnoses (DSM–III–R) made independently in childhood and adulthood, measures of positive and negative dimensions, of non-psychotic behaviour disturbances (NPBD) and of developmental problems before the appearance of SZ.ResultsThere was high stability of EO-SZ (n=40) diagnoses (mean onset at 14.0 years) until adulthood (mean age at follow-up 28.8 years) but a lower stability of positive and negative schizophrenic dimensions. There was a poor outcome of EO-SZ, a strong over-representation of males but few gender differences, and no effect of age of onset on clinical features and outcome.ConclusionsEO-SZ taken as a whole shows no qualitative differences to adult-onset SZ. However, a distinction through the onset of preschizophrenic developmental problems or NPBD might be a way to investigate heterogeneity within EO-SZ.

Download Full-text