Improved knee extensor strength with resistance training associates with muscle specific miRNAs in older adults

Abstract Background Self-reported disability has a strong negative impact on older people’s quality of life and is often associated with the need for assistance and health care services. Resistance training (RT) has been repeatedly shown to improve muscle function (e.g. strength) and functional capacity (e.g. gait speed, chair-rise) in older adults with functional limitations. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether such objectively assessed improvements translate into a reduction in self-reported disability. Objectives To assess: i) whether and to what extent RT interventions have an effect on self-reported disability in older adults (≥65 years) with functional limitations or disability; and ii) whether the effects on self-reported disability are associated with changes in objective measures of muscle strength and functional capacity across studies. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched in June 2018. Randomized controlled trials reporting effects of RT on self-reported disability/function in ≥65 year-old adults with defined, functional limitations or self-reported disability were eligible. Data on self-reported disability/function were pooled by calculating adjusted standardized mean differences (SMD) using Hedges’g. Likewise, effect sizes for three secondary outcomes: knee extensor muscle strength; gait capacity; and lower body functional capacity were calculated and fit as covariates in separate meta-regressions with self-reported disability as the dependent factor. Results Fourteen RCTs were eligible for the primary meta-analysis on self-reported disability. The total number of participants was 651 (intervention n = 354; control n = 297). A significant moderate positive effect of RT was found (SMD: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.253 to 0.925, p = 0.001). Between-study heterogeneity was present (I2 statistic = 75,1%, p < 0.001). RT effects on objective measures of lower body functional capacity were significantly associated with effects on self-reported disability (Adj. R2 = 99%, p = 0.002, n = 12 studies), whereas no significant associations with gait capacity or knee extensor strength were found. Conclusions This review provides evidence that RT has a moderate positive effect on self-reported disability/function in old people with or at risk for disability. The effects are strongly associated with effects on objective measures of lower body functional capacity.

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Rapid Communication. Taiji Training Improves Knee Extensor Strength and Force Control in Older Adults

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/58.8.m763 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 58 (8) ◽

pp. M763-M766 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

E. A. Christou ◽

Y. Yang ◽

K. S. Rosengren

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Force Control ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Rapid Communication ◽

Knee Extensor Strength

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Olfaction and Physical Function in Older Adults: Findings From Health ABC

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 530-531

Author(s):

Yaqun Yuan ◽

Zhehui Luo ◽

Chenxi Li ◽

Eleanor Simonsick ◽

Eric Shiroma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Physical Function ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Physical Functioning ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Potential Health ◽

Knee Extensor Strength ◽

Race Disparities

Abstract The present study aims to investigate poor olfaction in relation to physical functioning in community-dwelling older adults and potential sex and race disparities. The analysis included 2511 participants aged 71-82 years (51.7% women and 38.4% blacks) from the Health Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. Olfaction was tested with the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT). Physical function measures included the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Health ABC Physical Performance Battery (HABCPPB), gait speed of 20-meter walk, fast 400-meter walking time, grip strength, and knee extensor strength, repeatedly assessed annually or biennially for a follow-up of seven years. We analyzed each of these physical function measures using mixed models, adjusting for demographics, lifestyle, and comorbidities. For all measures except grip and knee extensor strength, poor olfaction was clearly associated with poorer physical performance at baseline and a faster decline over time. For example, at baseline, the multivariate adjusted SPPB was 8.23 ± 0.09 for participants with poor olfaction and 8.55 ± 0.09 for those with good olfaction (P = 0.02), after seven years of follow-up, the corresponding scores decreased to 6.46 ± 0.12 and 7.36 ± 0.10 respectively (cross-sectional P<0.001, and P for olfaction-by-year interaction < 0.001). For grip and knee extensor strength, similar differences were suggested but didn’t reach statistical significance. The overall results were similar by sex and race. In summary, poor olfaction is clearly associated with faster decline in physical functioning in older adults and future studies should investigate its potential health implications.

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Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Resistance Training on Concentric Knee Extensor Strength

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/00124278-199802000-00005 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 26-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael P. Godard ◽

John W. Wygand ◽

Ralph N. Carpinelli ◽

Steve Catalano ◽

Robert M. Otto

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Knee Extensor Strength

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Muscle-Power Quality: Does Sex or Race Affect Movement Velocity in Older Adults?

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity ◽

10.1123/japa.14.4.411 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 411-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Neil A. Doldo ◽

Matthew J. Delmonico ◽

Jason A. Bailey ◽

Brian D. Hand ◽

Matthew C. Kostek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

African Americans ◽

Muscle Power ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Knee Extension ◽

Relative Strength ◽

Extensor Muscle ◽

Muscle Volume ◽

Movement Velocity ◽

Knee Extensor Strength

To determine sex and race differences in muscle power per unit of muscle contraction, knee-extensor muscle power normalized for knee-extensor muscle volume was measured in 79 middle-aged and older adults (30 men and 49 women, age range 50–85 years). Results revealed that women displayed a 38% faster peak movement velocity than men and African Americans had a 14% lower peak movement velocity than Whites of a similar age when expressed per unit of involved muscle (p< .001). As expected, men exhibited greater knee-extensor strength and peak power per unit of muscle than women, but women had a faster knee-extension movement velocity per unit of muscle than men at the same relative strength level. Moreover, African Americans had greater knee-extensor muscle volume than Whites but exhibited lower knee-extensor strength and lower movement velocity per unit of muscle when tested at the same relative strength levels.

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The Relationship of Knee-Extensor Strength and Rate of Torque Development to Sit-to-Stand Performance in Older Adults

Physiotherapy Canada ◽

10.3138/ptc.2012-04 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 229-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Katie Crockett ◽

Kimberly Ardell ◽

Marlyn Hermanson ◽

Andrea Penner ◽

Joel Lanovaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Sit To Stand ◽

Rate Of Torque Development ◽

Knee Extensor Strength ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Torque Development

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Influence of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on in vivo patellar tendon adaptations to knee extensor resistance exercise in older adults

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.01348.2010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 111 (2) ◽

pp. 508-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

C. C. Carroll ◽

J. M. Dickinson ◽

J. K. LeMoine ◽

J. M. Haus ◽

E. M. Weinheimer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Placebo Group ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Patellar Tendon ◽

Signal Intensity ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Stiffness Modulus ◽

Peripheral Tissues

Millions of older individuals consume acetaminophen or ibuprofen daily and these same individuals are encouraged to participate in resistance training. Several in vitro studies suggest that cyclooxygenase-inhibiting drugs can alter tendon metabolism and may influence adaptations to resistance training. Thirty-six individuals were randomly assigned to a placebo (67 ± 2 yr old), acetaminophen (64 ± 1 yr old; 4,000 mg/day), or ibuprofen (64 ± 1 yr old; 1,200 mg/day) group in a double-blind manner and completed 12 wk of knee extensor resistance training. Before and after training in vivo patellar tendon properties were assessed with MRI [cross-sectional area (CSA) and signal intensity] and ultrasonography of patellar tendon deformation coupled with force measurements to obtain stiffness, modulus, stress, and strain. Mean patellar tendon CSA was unchanged ( P > 0.05) with training in the placebo group, and this response was not influenced with ibuprofen consumption. Mean tendon CSA increased with training in the acetaminophen group (3%, P < 0.05), primarily due to increases in the mid (7%, P < 0.05) and distal (8%, P < 0.05) tendon regions. Correspondingly, tendon signal intensity increased with training in the acetaminophen group at the mid (13%, P < 0.05) and distal (15%, P = 0.07) regions. When normalized to pretraining force levels, patellar tendon deformation and strain decreased 11% ( P < 0.05) and stiffness, modulus, and stress were unchanged ( P > 0.05) with training in the placebo group. These responses were generally uninfluenced by ibuprofen consumption. In the acetaminophen group, tendon deformation and strain increased 20% ( P < 0.05) and stiffness (−17%, P < 0.05) and modulus (−20%, P < 0.05) decreased with training. These data suggest that 3 mo of knee extensor resistance training in older adults induces modest changes in the mechanical properties of the patellar tendon. Over-the-counter doses of acetaminophen, but not ibuprofen, have a strong influence on tendon mechanical and material property adaptations to resistance training. These findings add to a growing body of evidence that acetaminophen has profound effects on peripheral tissues in humans.

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A comparison of volume-equated knee extensions to failure, or not to failure, upon rating of perceived exertion and strength adaptations

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2015-0421 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 168-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

James Peter Fisher ◽

Dominic Blossom ◽

James Steele

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Rest Interval ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Post Intervention ◽

Training Time ◽

Knee Extensor Strength

The present study aimed to compare the effects of repetition duration-, volume-, and load-matched resistance training to muscular failure (MMF) or not to muscular failure (NMF) on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor strength. This design also allowed testing of the efficacy of “5×5” training. Nine recreationally active males (age, 21.4 ± 1.2 years; height, 1.79 ± 0.07 m; weight, 78.4 ± 7.1 kg) performed unilateral resistance training at 80% of maximal torque at 2×/week for 6 weeks. Using their nondominant leg, participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions (NMF). Using their dominant leg, participants performed 25 repetitions in as few sets as possible (MMF). All repetitions were performed at a pace of 2 s concentric, 1 s isometric pause, and 2 s eccentric with a 2-min rest interval between sets. Analyses identified significant pre- to post-intervention strength increases for both MMF and NMF, with effect sizes (ESs) of 2.01 and 1.65, respectively, with no significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05). Peak and mean ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were significantly higher for MMF compared with NMF conditions (p < 0.0001), and a tendency for significantly higher RPE values reported for later sets for the NMF condition. Total training time per session was significantly longer for NMF compared with MMF (p < 0.001). The present study suggests that in untrained participants, resistance training NMF produces equivocally the same strength increases as training to MMF when volume-matched. However, resistance training to MMF appears to be a more time-efficient protocol and may produce greater strength gains as indicated by a larger ES.

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Isometric, Eccentric, and Concentric Strength in Trained and Untrained Older Adults: A Pilot Study

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science ◽

10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.4p.13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Fernando Rosete ◽

Lorrie Brilla ◽

David N. Suprak ◽

Erik T. Hummer ◽

Jun G. San Juan

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Rank Order ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Trained Group ◽

Ex Post ◽

Peak Knee ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

The Impact

Background: Despite an overall decrease in muscular strength, older adults maintain eccentric (ECC) strength in greater proportions compared to isometric (ISO) and concentric (CON) strength. While resistance training is promoted for older adults, the impact of resistance training on ISO, ECC, and CON strength is relatively unknown. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare peak ISO, ECC and CON knee extensor moments between trained and untrained older individuals. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a two-group comparison, ex post facto, was conducted. Twenty older adults (8 females, 69.6 ± 6.1 years, 80.5 ± 16.4 kg, 1.7 ± 0.1 m) were allocated to two groups, one undergoing resistance training (n =10) and one not (n = 10). An isokinetic dynamometer measured ISO, ECC, and CON knee extensor moments. Peak knee extensor moments (Nm) and ECC: ISO ratio were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). Spearman Rank-Order Correlations were run on paired combinations of peak ISO, ECC, and CON moments for both groups. Results: The trained group had significantly greater peak ISO moment (183.8 vs 137.1 Nm, p = 0.013, d = 1.3) but significantly lower ECC: ISO ratio (p = 0.028, d = 1.1). The trained group exhibited stronger correlations for ECC-ISO (rs = 0.79 vs. 0.65), ECC-CON (rs = 0.93 vs. 0.59), and CON-ISO (rs = 0.93 vs. 0.78) compared to the untrained group. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate older adults maintain eccentric and concentric strength, regardless of training status. However, trained participants had a more balanced ECC: ISO ratio, due to their increased peak ISO strength possibly due to their resistance training.

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Not all brawn, but some brain. Strength gains after training alters kinematic motor abundance in hopping

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6010 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e6010

Author(s):

Bernard X.W. Liew ◽

Andrew Morrison ◽

Hiroaki Hobara ◽

Susan Morris ◽

Kevin Netto

Keyword(s):

Resistance Training ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Uncontrolled Manifold ◽

Strength Increase ◽

Leg Length ◽

Zero Crossing ◽

Motor Abundance ◽

Knee Extensor Strength ◽

Ankle Strength

Background The effects of resistance training on a muscle’s neural, architectural, and mechanical properties are well established. However, whether resistance training can positively change the coordination of multiple motor elements in the control of a well-defined lower limb motor performance objective remains unclear. Such knowledge is critical given that resistance training is an essential and ubiquitous component in gait rehabilitation. This study aimed to investigate if strength gains of the ankle and knee extensors after resistance training increases kinematic motor abundance in hopping. Methods The data presented in this study represents the pooled group results of a sub-study from a larger project investigating the effects of resistance training on load carriage running energetics. Thirty healthy adults performed self-paced unilateral hopping, and strength testing before and after six weeks of lower limb resistance training. Motion capture was used to derive the elemental variables of planar segment angles of the foot, shank, thigh, and pelvis, and the performance variable of leg length. Uncontrolled manifold analysis (UCM) was used to provide an index of motor abundance (IMA) in the synergistic coordination of segment angles in the stabilization of leg length. Bayesian Functional Data Analysis was used for statistical inference, with a non-zero crossing of the 95% Credible Interval (CrI) used as a test of significance. Results Depending on the phase of hop stance, there were significant main effects of ankle and knee strength on IMA, and a significant ankle by knee interaction effect. For example at 10% hop stance, a 1 Nm/kg increase in ankle extensor strength increased IMA by 0.37 (95% CrI [0.14–0.59]), a 1 Nm/kg increase in knee extensor strength decreased IMA by 0.29 (95% CrI [0.08–0.51]), but increased the effect of ankle strength on IMA by 0.71 (95% CrI [0.10–1.33]). At 55% hop stance, a 1 Nm/kg increase in knee extensor strength increase IMA by 0.24 (95% CrI [0.001–0.48]), but reduced the effect of ankle strength on IMA by 0.71 (95% CrI [0.13–1.32]). Discussion Resistance training not only improves strength, but also the structure of coordination in the control of a well-defined motor objective. The role of resistance training on motor abundance in gait should be investigated in patient cohorts, other gait patterns, and its translation into functional improvements.

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