Development of new NIR-spectroscopy method combined with multivariate analysis for detection of adulteration in camel milk with goat milk

Abstract Objectives Diabetes Mellitus is globally predicted to affect 592 million people by 2035 with the greatest rates of increase in low and middle income countries. Various plant and animal foods are being tested as alternatives to medication to control blood glucose. Regular consumption of milk from camels has had a positive anti-diabetic effect in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics. Epidemiological studies, research in diabetic rat and mouse model systems, and clinical studies in diabetic patients support the anti-diabetic effects of camel milk, but the mechanism of action is unclear. This study investigated hormones that impact glucose metabolism in humans from milks from different species and their stability with pasteurization. We tested hypotheses in the literature that camel milk antidiabetic properties are due to a high content of insulin or insulinotropic hormones. Methods Five milk samples: Human, Bovine, Goat, and Camel from two different farms were analyzed with a multiplex panel for hormones that impact glucose metabolism in humans. Immunoreactivity to human Insulin, C-peptide, Glucagon, Ghrelin, Leptin, GIP, GLP-1, Resistin, Visfatin, and PAI-1 (total) were determined with a multiplex assay (Biorad Bioplex diabetes panel) using a Magpix analyzer. Results Insulin immunoreactivity was present in both human and goat milk at approximately 200 pg/mL. Both camel samples were below the range of detection with this anti-human insulin antibody; but 5 pg/mL of insulin was detected in bovine milk. GIP was detected in all milks but was highest in human milk. Camel milk had higher immunoreactivity to resistin, visfatin, and ghrelin than goat or bovine milk. GLP-1 and leptin were only detected in human milk. Neither HTST nor Holder pasteurization significantly reduced the immunoreactivity of these hormones in milk. Conclusions Although literature suggests camel milk is an effective medical food for diabetics, we did not find high insulin concentration in camel milk. The hypoglycemic effect of camel milk might be due to other components of camel milk. Assays using different antibodies or insulin receptors might show different results. The insulin concentration in goat milk suggests that this product should be tested as a medical food for glucose control. Funding Sources NIFA; NCSU; Saudi Cultural Mission.

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Camel Milk Is a Safer Choice than Goat Milk for Feeding Children with Cow Milk Allergy

ISRN Allergy ◽

10.5402/2011/391641 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Mohammad Ehlayel ◽

Abdulbari Bener ◽

Khalid Abu Hazeima ◽

Fatima Al-Mesaifri

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Specific Ige ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Medical Examination ◽

Camel Milk ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Milk Allergy ◽

Cow Milk Allergy

Background. Various sources of mammalian milk have been tried in CMA. Objectives. To determine whether camel milk is safer than goat milk in CMA. Methods. Prospective study conducted at Hamad Medical Corporation between April 2007 and April 2010, on children with CMA. Each child had medical examination, CBC, total IgE, cow milk-specific IgE and SPT. CMA children were tested against fresh camel and goat milks. Results. Of 38 children (median age 21.5 months), 21 (55.3%) presented with urticaria, 17 (39.5%) atopic dermatitis, 10 (26.3%) anaphylaxis. WBC was 10,039±4,735 cells/μL, eosinophil 1,143±2,213 cells/μL, IgE 694±921 IU/mL, cow's milk-specific-IgE 23.5±35.6 KU/L. Only 7 children (18.4%) tested positive to camel milk and 24 (63.2%) to goat milk. 6 (15.8%) were positive to camel, goat, and cow milks. Patients with negative SPT tolerated well camel and goat milks. Conclusions. In CMA, SPT indicates low cross-reactivity between camel milk and cow milk, and camel milk is a safer alternative than goat milk.

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