Recent advances on type A trichothecenes in food and feed: Analysis, prevalence, toxicity, and decontamination techniques

The trichothecene mycotoxins contaminate cereal grains and have been related to alimentary toxicosis resulted in emetic response. This family of mycotoxins comprises type A to D groups of toxic sesquiterpene chemicals. Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), one of the most toxic type A trichothecenes, is considered to be a potential risk for human and animal health by the European Food Safety Authority. Other type A trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, as well as type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), have been previously demonstrated to induce emetic response in the mink, and this response has been associated with the plasma elevation of neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). However, it is found that not all the type A and type B trichothecenes have the capacity to induce PYY and 5-HT. It is necessary to identify the roles of these two emetogenic mediators on DAS-induced emesis. The goal of this study was to determine the emetic effect of DAS and relate this effect to PYY and 5-HT, using a mink bioassay. Briefly, minks were fasted one day before experiment and given DAS by intraperitoneally and orally dosing on the experiment day. Then, emetic episodes were calculated and blood collection was employed for PYY and 5-HT test. DAS elicited robust emetic responses that corresponded to upraised PYY and 5-HT. Blocking the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) diminished emesis induction by PYY and DAS. The serotonin 3 receptor (5-HT3R) inhibitor granisetron totally restrained the induction of emesis by serotonin and DAS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PYY and 5-HT have critical roles in DAS-induced emetic response.

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Comparison of monoclonal antibody performance characteristics for the detection of two representatives of A- and B-trichothecenes: T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol

World Mycotoxin Journal ◽

10.3920/wmj2010.1224 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 233-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S. Baumgartner ◽

M. Führer ◽

R. Krska

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Animal Health ◽

Type B ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Type A Trichothecenes ◽

Line Selection ◽

Immunological Test ◽

Cell Line Selection

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging mainly to the Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. They represent a relevant source of danger to human and animal health causing food- and feedborne intoxication. One group, produced by Fusarium spp., are the trichothecenes, of which T-2 toxin belongs to the type-A trichothecenes and deoxynivalenol to the type-B trichothecenes. As these mycotoxins are ubiquitous, the testing of products is required to keep our food and feed safe. For this purpose, sensitive and reliable tests are needed to detect contaminations. One detection possibility is an immunoanalytical based test which needs antibodies as reagents. Cell culture facilities allow cell line selection and production of monoclonal antibodies for further immunological test development. Especially for mycotoxins antibody development for further use in immunoassays is a crucial task. T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol specific monoclonal antibodies were developed and further characterised to test stability and solvent resistance properties. Especially cross-reactivities were determined to related mycotoxins also belonging to the trichothecene family, e.g. HT-2 toxin or 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol.

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Structural characterization of metabolites after the microbial degradation of type A trichothecenes by the bacterial strain BBSH 797

Food Additives & Contaminants ◽

10.1080/02652030110091154 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 379-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

E. Fuchs ◽

E. M. Binder ◽

D. Heidler ◽

R. Krska

Keyword(s):

Microbial Degradation ◽

Structural Characterization ◽

Bacterial Strain ◽

Type A ◽

Type A Trichothecenes

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The toxigenic potential of Fusarium poae originated from wheat

Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke ◽

10.2298/zmspn0713113b ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 113-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aleksandra Bocarov-Stancic ◽

Jelena Levic ◽

Slavica Stankovic ◽

Vesna Krnjaja ◽

Tamara Kovacevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liquid Medium ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Liquid Culture ◽

Type A ◽

Control Culture ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Chromatography Method ◽

Ear Blight ◽

Type A Trichothecenes ◽

Layer Chromatography

Eleven isolates of F. poae, originated from wheat grain at 9 locations mainly in Vojvodina, were encompassed by the present study. The greatest number of samples was collected in 2005, in which the climatic conditions favoured a more intensive occurrence of Fusarium ear blight of wheat. In order to determine toxicological potential of this species, cultures of the selected isolates were grown in liquid media (GPY and SPY) on a rotary shaker (180 revolutions min-1), at room temperature (21-26?C) for three days. Crude toxins were isolated from liquid culture filtrates of isolates by the use of ethyl acetate, while quantification of mycotoxins was done by the thin layer chromatography method. A liquid culture of the isolate GZ-LES (F. graminearum) was used as a control for the evaluation of the zearalenone biosynthesis potential. On the other hand, the liquid culture of the isolate KF-38/1 (F. sporotrichioides) was used as a control for both type-A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS). The obtained results show that F. poae, in contrast to F. graminearum, has no potential for the zearalenone biosynthesis. The presence of DAS was determined only in one isolate of F. poae (MRIZP-666), and in the control isolate of F. sporotrichioides (KF-38/1/R), that were grown in the GPY liquid medium. The T-2 toxin was detected in the isolate MRIZP-666, grown in both media, and in the isolates MRIZP-37 and MRIZP-860, cultured in the GPY and SPY liquid medium, respectively. The control culture KF-38/1/R (F. sporotrichioides) produced the T-2 toxin at the concentration of 4,000 ?g L-1. According to the gained information, it can be concluded that the potential of F. poae for the type-A trichothecene biosynthesis was low, as the concentration of DAS or T-2 toxin did not exceed 80 ?g L-1 or 240 ?g L-1, respectively.

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Intestinal toxicity of the new type A trichothecenes, NX and 3ANX

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132415 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 288 ◽

pp. 132415

Author(s):

Alix Pierron ◽

Manon Neves ◽

Sylvie Puel ◽

Yannick Lippi ◽

Laura Soler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type A ◽

Intestinal Toxicity ◽

New Type ◽

Type A Trichothecenes

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Draft genome sequence and chemical profiling of Fusarium langsethiae, an emerging producer of type A trichothecenes

International Journal of Food Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.008 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 221 ◽

pp. 29-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Erik Lysøe ◽

Rasmus J.N. Frandsen ◽

Hege H. Divon ◽

Valeria Terzi ◽

Luigi Orrù ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Sequence ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Type A ◽

Draft Genome Sequence ◽

Chemical Profiling ◽

Fusarium Langsethiae ◽

Type A Trichothecenes

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PSII-22 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination in United States Corn

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa054.306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 172-173

Author(s):

Erika Hendel ◽

Shelby Ramirez ◽

Paige Gott ◽

G Raj Murugesan ◽

Ursula Hofstetter

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Fungal Metabolites ◽

Mycotoxin Contamination ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Type A Trichothecenes ◽

Low Levels ◽

Feed Safety ◽

New Crop

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. These toxins are detrimental to animal health and can compromise animal performance even at low levels. Classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting used as indicators for exposure overlook other costs of mycotoxicosis, including increasing the frequency and severity of disease via immune suppression, inciting inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment. This survey examines initial samples of the 2019 crop with previous year trends. New crop corn samples were submitted from September 2019 and consisted of corn (46%), corn silage (50%), and corn byproduct (4%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. Fewer samples are available thus far compared to the fall of 2018 (50 samples in 2019 vs. 135 samples in 2018), thus risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) has decreased compared to 2018. The prevalence of B-Trich decreased compared with previous years, but levels are similar to 2018. Prevalence and levels of ZEN decreased from 2018, and are similar to 2017, while FUM is similar in prevalence to 2018, but average ppb numerically increased. As of yet, no Alfa has been detected; however, corn stored with higher moisture content has increased the risk for storage toxins. Mycotoxin risk of this harvest season is still coming into focus as harvest delays have affected sample submission. Due to continued risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation, support of the immune system and liver function.

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