scholarly journals Type A Trichothecene Diacetoxyscirpenol-Induced Emesis Corresponds to Secretion of Peptide YY and Serotonin in Mink

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Qinghua Wu ◽  
Kamil Kuca ◽  
Eugenie Nepovimova ◽  
Wenda Wu
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Type A ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes

The trichothecene mycotoxins contaminate cereal grains and have been related to alimentary toxicosis resulted in emetic response. This family of mycotoxins comprises type A to D groups of toxic sesquiterpene chemicals. Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), one of the most toxic type A trichothecenes, is considered to be a potential risk for human and animal health by the European Food Safety Authority. Other type A trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, as well as type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), have been previously demonstrated to induce emetic response in the mink, and this response has been associated with the plasma elevation of neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). However, it is found that not all the type A and type B trichothecenes have the capacity to induce PYY and 5-HT. It is necessary to identify the roles of these two emetogenic mediators on DAS-induced emesis. The goal of this study was to determine the emetic effect of DAS and relate this effect to PYY and 5-HT, using a mink bioassay. Briefly, minks were fasted one day before experiment and given DAS by intraperitoneally and orally dosing on the experiment day. Then, emetic episodes were calculated and blood collection was employed for PYY and 5-HT test. DAS elicited robust emetic responses that corresponded to upraised PYY and 5-HT. Blocking the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) diminished emesis induction by PYY and DAS. The serotonin 3 receptor (5-HT3R) inhibitor granisetron totally restrained the induction of emesis by serotonin and DAS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PYY and 5-HT have critical roles in DAS-induced emetic response.

Comparison of monoclonal antibody performance characteristics for the detection of two representatives of A- and B-trichothecenes: T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Baumgartner ◽  
M. Führer ◽  
R. Krska
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Type B ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Line Selection ◽  
Immunological Test ◽  
Cell Line Selection

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging mainly to the Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. They represent a relevant source of danger to human and animal health causing food- and feedborne intoxication. One group, produced by Fusarium spp., are the trichothecenes, of which T-2 toxin belongs to the type-A trichothecenes and deoxynivalenol to the type-B trichothecenes. As these mycotoxins are ubiquitous, the testing of products is required to keep our food and feed safe. For this purpose, sensitive and reliable tests are needed to detect contaminations. One detection possibility is an immunoanalytical based test which needs antibodies as reagents. Cell culture facilities allow cell line selection and production of monoclonal antibodies for further immunological test development. Especially for mycotoxins antibody development for further use in immunoassays is a crucial task. T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol specific monoclonal antibodies were developed and further characterised to test stability and solvent resistance properties. Especially cross-reactivities were determined to related mycotoxins also belonging to the trichothecene family, e.g. HT-2 toxin or 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol.

Overview of the activities of the European Food Safety Authority on mycotoxins in food and feed

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eskola ◽  
A. Altieri ◽  
J. Galobart
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Research Organisations

Mycotoxins are widely occurring in foods and feeds and dietary exposure to them can induce various types of adverse health effects in humans and animals. Since its establishment in 2002, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has assessed risks of dietary exposure to mycotoxins for public health and for the health of farm and companion animals on the request of the European Commission and has assessed safety and efficacy of feed additives for the reduction of contamination of feed by mycotoxins within the European Union authorisation process for feed additives. Over 40 scientific opinions on risks of mycotoxins for human and animal health and other reports on mycotoxins have been issued by the authority for the use of the European risk managers. Mycotoxins belong to one of the important areas of the EFSA work. Occurrence data on mycotoxins submitted to EFSA by the European national food safety bodies and research institutions have been collected in the EFSA databases and have informed its scientific opinions and reports on mycotoxins. Similarly, many EFSA-funded projects conducted by the European research organisations, not only to generate data on occurrence, but also data on toxicity of mycotoxins, have provided valuable information for the risk assessments of EFSA. Aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol are the mycotoxins, for which EFSA has delivered most of its scientific mycotoxin opinions. Very recently also modified forms of mycotoxins have been included in the EFSA risk assessments. In this review paper an overview of many different EFSA activities on mycotoxins is given. It also includes a brief description how EFSA develops its scientific opinions and works.

scholarly journals Assessment of exposure to nickel intake with selected cereal grains and cereal-based products

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-376
Author(s):  
Monika Mania ◽  
Małgorzata Rebeniak ◽  
Oksana Orshulyak ◽  
Jacek Postupolski
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Graphite Furnace ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Products ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
The Mean

Background. Cereal grains and their products are among the basic components of the diet all over the world. Their consumption varies depending on the dietary habits in each country. Apart from ingredients valuable from a health point of view, these products can also be a source of contaminants. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) included these foodstuffs in the group of main contributors to the dietary exposure to nickel by different groups of the population. Objective. The aim of the studies was to determine the nickel content in cereal grains and selected cereal products commercially available in Poland and to assess the exposure of consumers to nickel intake with these foodstuffs. Material and methods. A total of 56 samples of cereal grain and cereal products from trade were tested. Nickel content was determined after microwave mineralization of the samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace atomization (GFAAS). The estimated exposure for the different groups of the population was assessed and compared with the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value established by the European Food Safety Authority based on an updated risk assessment at 13 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day. Results. The mean (MB) and 95th percentile (MB) nickel content in investigated samples of cereal grains and their products were 0.66 mg/kg and 1.93 mg/kg. The mean content of Ni in the analyzed samples of grains was 1.16 mg/kg. Obtained results in this group of products ranged from 0.10 mg/kg for rye to 4.80 mg/kg for millet. In the group of grain products, the mean (MB) concentration of nickel was 0.61 mg/kg (95th percentile (MB) 1.84 mg/kg). The highest nickel level was determined in the samples of bran, groats, and flakes compared to other grain-based products. The highest content of Ni in the group of cereal products was found in the samples of roasted buckwheat 1.81 mg/kg and oat flakes 2.53 mg/kg. Significantly lower nickel content was observed in barley groats as well as for pasta and flour. The estimated average exposure of adults and children to nickel intake with grains and grain-based products ranged from 1.1% to 13.4% of TDI and it does not pose a health risk for consumers. Conclusions. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the nickel content in the tested samples of cereals and their products does not pose a health risk, even though the contamination of individual samples was significant.

scholarly journals Fusarium Phytotoxin Trichothecenes Have an Elicitor-Like Activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the Activity Differed Significantly Among Their Molecular Species

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takumi Nishiuchi ◽  
Daisuke Masuda ◽  
Hideo Nakashita ◽  
Kazuya Ichimura ◽  
Kazuo Shinozaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Type A ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Type B ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Callose Deposition ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes

Phytopathogenic fungi such as Fusarium spp. synthesize trichothecene family phytotoxins. Although the type B trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), is thought to be a virulence factor allowing infection of plants by their trichothecene-producing Fusarium spp., little is known about effects of trichothecenes on the defense response in host plants. Therefore, in this article, we investigated these effects of various trichothecenes in Fusarium-susceptible Arabidopsis thaliana. Necrotic lesions were observed in Arabidopsis leaves infiltrated by 1 μM type A trichothecenes such as T-2 toxin. Trichothecene-induced lesions exhibited dead cells, callose deposition, generation of hydrogen peroxide, and accumulation of salicylic acids. Moreover, infiltration by trichothecenes caused rapid and prolonged activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases and induced expression of both PR-1 and PDF1.2 genes. Thus, type A trichothecenes trigger the cell death by activation of an elicitor-like signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Although DON did not have such an activity even at 10 μM, translational inhibition by DON was observed at concentrations above 5 μM. These results suggested that DON is capable of inhibiting translation in Arabidopsis cells without induction of the elicitor-like signaling pathway.

Occurrence of mycotoxins in Southern Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Griessler ◽  
I. Rodrigues ◽  
J. Handl ◽  
U. Hofstetter
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Type A ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Type B ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Southern European Countries ◽  
Feed Samples

Contamination of feed materials with mycotoxins is an important issue for farmers, as dietary exposure to these toxins may cause acute or chronic intoxication in animals, resulting in major economic losses. Although prevention methods to avoid mycotoxin contamination on the field prior to harvest, during harvesting or storage have been developed, it is currently not possible to eliminate the risk of a mycotoxin contamination entirely. Here we present a survey over a 4.5 year period that was performed to evaluate the incidence of mycotoxins in feed materials and compounded feed samples originating from Southern European countries, including Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus. The 416 samples received were tested for the most relevant mycotoxins that are found in feed materials, such as aflatoxins, zearalenone (ZEA), type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol), type A trichothecenes (T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin), fumonisins and ochratoxin A (OTA), by two different methods, a commercial ELISA and by validated HPLC methods. The Fusarium mycotoxins (type B trichothecenes, ZEA and fumonisins) were the major contaminants. Average concentrations of type B trichothecenes were 365 µg/kg or 445 µg/kg analysed by HPLC or ELISA, respectively. In the case of zearalenone the average concentration was 27 µg/kg by ELISA or 32.5 µg/kg by HPLC. Fumonisin contamination was found with an average of 1,411 µg/kg by HPLC or 6,260 µg/kg by ELISA. Aflatoxins and OTA as well as the type A trichothecenes were detected less frequently and the average concentration was lower in comparison to the other mycotoxins tested. The average concentration of aflatoxins, OTA and the type A trichothecenes was 1 µg/kg or 3 µg/kg, 4 µg/kg or 2 µg/kg, 2 µg/kg or 18 µg/kg, respectively, by HPLC or ELISA analysis.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and mycotoxin production of Fusarium species causing head blight in wheat cultivars varying in resistance

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. L. Wong ◽  
D. Abramson ◽  
A. Tekauz ◽  
D. Leisle ◽  
R. I. H. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Type A ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Type B ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat has recently become more prevalent in Manitoba, Canada. The objectives of this study were to assess the pathogenicity of Fusarium species isolated from infected wheat spikes, determine their potential to produce trichothecene mycotoxins and evaluate wheat cultivars for resistance to these Fusarium species. This information is a prerequisite to the development of cultivars with effective resistance to FHB in Manitoba. Eight Chinese and three Canadian wheat cultivars were evaluated against individual strains of seven Fusarium species singly in the field. Severity of FHB was measured as percentage of discolored peduncles and percentage of tombstone kernels. On this basis, Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum were highly pathogenic, F. sporotrichioides had intermediate pathogenicity, and the other species were weakly pathogenic. For F. culmorum and F. graminearum, FHB severity correlated positively with kernel weight reduction and recovery of Fusarium species from the seed and correlated negatively with seed germination. Fusarium species varied in their ability to produce trichothecenes in infected wheat spikes. Wheat inoculated with F. poae contained both type A and B trichothecenes, while that inoculated with F. culmorum and F. graminearum produced type B only. Wheat inoculated with F. sporotrichioides contained type A trichothecenes, while that inoculated with F. avenaceum contained no detectable trichothecenes. Concentration of DON correlated positively with percentage of tombstone kernels in F. culmorum and F. graminearum, and that of HT-2 toxin correlated positively with percentage tombstone kernels in F. sporotrichioides. Biggar, Katepwa and Sceptre wheats were susceptible to F. culmorum and F. graminearum. High levels of resistance, expressed as low FHB severity combined with low trichothecene production, were found in several Chinese cultivars. These traits could be incorporated in adapted cultivars and be monitored by use of artificial inoculation. Key words:Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, fusarium head blight, mycotoxins, resistance, wheat

Biological and Morphological Studies on Low-Leukemia-Strain Mice with Hodgkin's-Like Neoplasia Induced by Serial Cell-Free Transmission of Leukemic Organs of SJL/J Strain Mice

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
S. Fujinaga ◽  
K. Maruyama ◽  
C.W. Williams ◽  
K. Sekhri ◽  
L. Dmochowski
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Type A ◽  
Reticulum Cell ◽  
Type B ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Serial Transfer ◽  
Strain Mouse ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Free Material

Yumoto and Dmochowski (Cancer Res.27, 2098 (1967)) reported the presence of mature and immature type C leukemia virus particles in leukemic organs and tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, liver, and kidneys of SJL/J strain mice with Hodgki's-like disease or reticulum cell neoplasm (type B). In an attempt to ascertain the possibility that this neoplasia may be of viral origin, experiments with induction and transmission of this neoplasm were carried out using cell-free extracts of leukemic organs from an SJL/J strain mouse with spontaneous disease.It has been possible to induce the disease in low-leukemia BALB/c and C3HZB strain mice and serially transfer the neoplasia by cell-free extracts of leukemic organs of these mice. Histological examination revealed the neoplasia to be of either reticulum cell-type A or type B. Serial transfer is now in its fifth passage. In addition leukemic spleen from another SJL/J strain mouse with spontaneous reticulum cell neoplasm (type A) was set up in tissue culture and is now in its 141st serial passage in vitro. Preliminary results indicate that cell-free material of 39th tissue culture passage can reproduce neoplasia in BALB/c mice.

Anticoagulant Activity of β2-Glycoprotein I Is Potentiated by a Distinct Subgroup of Anticardiolipin Antibodies

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (03) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Galli ◽  
Paul Comfurius ◽  
Tiziano Barbui ◽  
Robert F A Zwaal ◽  
Edouard M Bevers
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Type A ◽  
Lipid Vesicles ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Type B ◽  
Distinct Subgroup ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
Thrombin Formation

SummaryPlasmas of 16 patients positive for both IgG anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and lupus anticoagulant (LA) antibodies were subjected to adsorption with liposomes containing cardiolipin. In 5 of these plasmas both the anticardiolipin and the anticoagulant activities were co-sedimented with the liposomes in a dose-dependent manner, whereas in the remaining cases only the anticardiolipin activity could be removed by the liposomes, leaving the anticoagulant activity (LA) in the supernatant plasma. aCL antibodies purified from the first 5 plasmas were defined as aCL-type A, while the term aCL-type B was used for antibodies in the other 11 plasmas, from which 2 were selected for this study.Prolongation of the dRVVT was produced by affinity-purified aCL-type A antibodies in plasma of human as well as animal (bovine, rat and goat) origin. aCL-type B antibodies were found to be devoid of anticoagulant activity, while the corresponding supernatants containing LA IgG produced prolongation of the dRVVT only in human plasma.These anticoagulant activities of aCL-type A and of LA IgG's were subsequently evaluated in human plasma depleted of β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI), a protein which was previously shown to be essential in the binding of aCL antibodies to anionic phospholipids. Prolongation of the dRVVT by aCL-type A antibodies was abolished using β2-GPI deficient plasma, but could be restored upon addition of β2-GPI. In contrast, LA IgG caused prolongation of the dRVVT irrespective of the presence or absence of β2-GPI.Since β2-GPI binds to negatively-charged phospholipids and impedes the conversion of prothrombin by the factor Xa/Va enzyme complex (Nimpf et al., Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 884: 142–9), comparison was made of the effect of aCL-type A and aCL-type B antibodies on the rate of thrombin formation in the presence and absence of β2-GPI. This was measured in a system containing highly purified coagulation factors Xa, Va and prothrombin and lipid vesicles composed of 20 mole% phosphatidylserine and 80 mole% phosphatidylcholine. No inhibition on the rate of thrombin formation was observed with both types of aCL antibodies when either β2-GPI or the lipid vesicles were omitted. Addition of β2-GPI to the prothrombinase assay in the presence of lipid vesicles causes a time-dependent inhibition which was not affected by the presence of aCL-type B or non-specific IgG. In contrast, the presence of aCL-type A antibodies dramatically increased the anticoagulant effect of β2-GPI. These data indicate that the anticoagulant activity of aCL-type A antibodies in plasma is mediated by β2-GPI.

Feeding behaviour and bioerosion: the ecological role of the rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825), in Okinawa reef flat

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Noar Muda Satyawan ◽  
Shelly Tutupoho ◽  
Yusli Wardiatno ◽  
Makoto Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Type B ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Echinometra Mathaei ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems

Erosion rate on corals due to activities of other biota is called bioerosion. The rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei, when it is abundant, plays a significant role in benthic ecosystems, including biological processes like coral erosion. During feeding, E. mathaei erodes calcium carbonate besides grazing on algae living on coral, so it plays an important role in both organic and inorganic carbons in coral reefs. The urchin E. mathaei actively feeds during the night time (nocturnal grazer). Although in Okinawa four types (A-D) of the urchin exist, the research only focused on the types A and B. Type A of E. mathaei produced 0.44951 g feces per day on average while type B produced 0.38030 g feces per day. CaCO3 analysis in feces and gut contents showed bioerosion rate of E. mathaei type A was 0.64492 g/individu/day, and 0.54436 g/individu/day in type B. There were no significant differences in bioerosion impact of E. mathaei type A and B© Laju erosi pada karang yang disebabkan oleh biota, dikenal dengan bioerosi. Bulu babi jenis Echinometra mathaei, ketika melimpah, menjadi sangat berpengaruh terhadap ekosistem bentik termasuk proses biologi seperti erosi karang. Selama aktivitas makan, E. mathaei menggerus kalsium karbonat dalam proporsi yang besar di samping alga yang tumbuh menempel pada karang sehingga memiliki peran penting dalam siklus karbon organik dan anorganik di ekosistem terumbu karang. Bulu babi E. mathaei aktif mencari makan pada malam hari (nocturnal grazer). Meskipun di Okinanawa ada 4 tipe (A-D), pada eksperimen kali ini memfokuskan pada tipe A dan B saja. Tipe A E. mathaei rata-rata memproduksi 0,44951 g feses/hari dan tipe B memproduksi 0,38030 g feses/hari. Berdasarkan analisis CaCO3 yang dilakukan pada feses dan isi lambung, laju bioerosi yang disebabkan oleh E. mathaei tipe A sebesar 0,64492 g/individu/hari sedangkan tipe B sebesar 0,54436 g/individu/hari. Tidak terdapat perbedaan dampak bioerosi yang signifikan antara E. mathaei tipe A dan B©

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