Biomass expansion factors (BEFs) for Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch according to stand age for boreal forests

2004 ◽  
Vol 188 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lehtonen ◽  
R Mäkipää ◽  
J Heikkinen ◽  
R Sievänen ◽  
J Liski
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Biomass Expansion Factors

scholarly journals Sensitivity of managed boreal forests in Finland to climate change, with implications for adaptive management

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1501) ◽  
pp. 2339-2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Kellomäki ◽  
Heli Peltola ◽  
Tuula Nuutinen ◽  
Kari T Korhonen ◽  
Harri Strandman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Climate Change Model

This study investigated the sensitivity of managed boreal forests to climate change, with consequent needs to adapt the management to climate change. Model simulations representing the Finnish territory between 60 and 70° N showed that climate change may substantially change the dynamics of managed boreal forests in northern Europe. This is especially probable at the northern and southern edges of this forest zone. In the north, forest growth may increase, but the special features of northern forests may be diminished. In the south, climate change may create a suboptimal environment for Norway spruce. Dominance of Scots pine may increase on less fertile sites currently occupied by Norway spruce. Birches may compete with Scots pine even in these sites and the dominance of birches may increase. These changes may reduce the total forest growth locally but, over the whole of Finland, total forest growth may increase by 44%, with an increase of 82% in the potential cutting drain. The choice of appropriate species and reduced rotation length may sustain the productivity of forest land under climate change.

scholarly journals Over- and Underyielding in Time and Space in Experiments with Mixed Stands of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Drössler ◽  
Eric Agestam ◽  
Kamil Bielak ◽  
Małgorzata Dudzinska ◽  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mixing Effect ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Study Sites

Pine-spruce forests are one of the commonest mixed forest types in Europe and both tree species are very important for wood supply. This study summarized nine European studies with Scots pine and Norway spruce where a mixed-species stand and both monocultures were located in an experimental set-up. Overyielding (where growth of a mixed stand was greater than the average of both monocultures) was relatively common and often ranged between 0% and 30%, but could also be negative at individual study sites. Each individual site demonstrated consistent patterns of the mixing effect over different measurement periods. Transgressive overyielding (where the mixed-species stand was more productive than either of the monocultures) was found at three study sites, while a monoculture was more productive on the other sites. Large variation between study sites indicated that the existing experiments do not fully represent the extensive region where this mixed pine-spruce forest can occur. Pooled increment data displayed a negative influence of latitude and stand age on the mixing effect of those tree species in forests younger than 70 years.

Litter fall in some European coniferous forests as dependent on climate: a synthesis

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 292-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Berg ◽  
V Meentemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Needle Litter ◽  
Pinus Spp

Litter fall data was available for 64 sites in Europe, most of them in Fennoscandia. Included were 48 sites with pine (Pinus spp.), mainly Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and 16 sites with spruce (Picea spp.), mainly Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Regressions were calculated for needle and total litter fall against a set of climatic parameters, and the best simple relationships were obtained with annual actual evapotranspiration (AET) and other parameters including temperature, whereas for example, precipitation gave lower r values. For needle litter fall and AET using all data, the R2adj value was 0.635 (n = 64), and for needle litter for pine and spruce separately, the R2adj were 0.576 (n = 48) and 0.775 (n = 16), respectively. AET plus stand age gave highly significant relationships for both coniferous genera combined (R2adj = 0.683), and for pine and spruce separately the corresponding values were 0.655 and 0.843, respectively. Using all available data we found highly significant relationships between needle litter fall and total litter fall. For Fennoscandia, litter fall for Scots pine and Norway spruce were compared. AET versus needle litter fall gave highly significant relationships for Scots pine (R2adj = 0.448, n = 34) and for Norway spruce (R2adj = 0.678, n = 13); the relationships were significantly different from each other.

scholarly journals Regional risks of wind damage in boreal forests under changing management and climate projections

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1632-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.-P. Ikonen ◽  
A. Kilpeläinen ◽  
A. Zubizarreta-Gerendiain ◽  
H. Strandman ◽  
A. Asikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Stock

We employed simulations by forest ecosystem (SIMA) and mechanistic wind damage (HWIND) models in upland boreal forests throughout Finland to study regional risks of wind damage under changing management preferences and climates (current and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios) over 2010–2099. We used a critical wind speed for the uprooting of trees as a measure of vulnerability, which together with the probability of such wind speed defined a level of risk. Based on that, we also predicted the stem volume of growing stock at risk and the amount of damage. In this work, medium fertility sites were planted to one of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), or silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) or to the tree species that was dominant before the final clear-felling. The vulnerability to wind damage, the volume of growing stock at risk, and the amount of damage all increased, increasing the most in the south when the proportion of Norway spruce (with shallow rooting) of the growing stock increased. Under a severe climate warming, the proportion of Norway spruce decreased the most in the south, opposite to that of birch. This decreased the risk of damage in autumn (when birch is leafless), unlike in summer. The low risk of damage in the north was due to the large proportion of Scots pine.

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal root tips in relation to site and stand characteristics in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands in boreal forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-S. Helmisaari ◽  
I. Ostonen ◽  
K. Lohmus ◽  
J. Derome ◽  
A.-J. Lindroos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands ◽  
Stand Characteristics

Variation in understory and canopy reflectance during stand development in Finnish coniferous forests

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nea Kuusinen ◽  
Pauline Stenberg ◽  
Erkki Tomppo ◽  
Pierre Bernier ◽  
Frank Berninger
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Site Fertility ◽  
Infrared Spectral

Inherent variability in the spectral properties of boreal forests complicates the retrieval of canopy properties such as canopy leaf area index from satellite images. Understanding the drivers of this variability could help provide better estimates of desired canopy cover properties. Field plot data from the Finnish National Forest Inventory and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images were used to investigate the variation in canopy and understory reflectance during stand development in coniferous boreal forests. Spectral data for each plot were obtained from the Landsat pixel within which the plot center coordinates fell. Nonlinear unmixing was used to estimate the bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) of the “sunlit understory” and “canopy and shaded ground” components by site fertility and stand development classes. A forest albedo model was used to estimate the contribution of diffuse radiation reflected downwards from the canopy to the sunlit understory component. The sunlit understory BRF in the near-infrared spectral band decreased as the site fertility decreased and the forest matured, whereas the sunlit understory BRFs in the red and shortwave-infrared spectral bands concurrently increased. The BRFs of the canopy and shaded ground component decreased slightly during stand development, mostly in the near-infrared spectral band. Adding the diffuse contribution to the sunlit understory component changed the estimated component BRFs only a little (0.1%–1.7%) compared with those obtained using a linear mixing assumption. This effect was largest in the near-infrared spectral band and smallest in the red spectral band. For Norway spruce plots, the measured and estimated forest variables were well correlated with the BRFs in all of the studied spectral bands, but for the Scots pine plots, the correlations were notably weaker. Results show a greater importance of the fraction of visible sunlit understory on forest reflectance in Scots pine than in Norway spruce forests.

scholarly journals Two dominant boreal conifers use contrasting mechanisms to reactivate photosynthesis in the spring

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Yang ◽  
Nicolás E. Blanco ◽  
Carmen Hermida-Carrera ◽  
Nóra Lehotai ◽  
Vaughan Hurry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Spring Period ◽  
Photooxidative Damage ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle ◽  
Evergreen Conifers

AbstractBoreal forests are dominated by evergreen conifers that show strongly regulated seasonal photosynthetic activity. Understanding the mechanisms behind seasonal modulation of photosynthesis is crucial for predicting how these forests will respond to changes in seasonal patterns and how this will affect their role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. We demonstrate that the two co-occurring dominant boreal conifers, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies), use contrasting mechanisms to reactivate photosynthesis in the spring. Scots pine downregulates its capacity for CO2 assimilation during winter and activates alternative electron sinks through accumulation of PGR5 and PGRL1 during early spring until the capacity for CO2 assimilation is recovered. In contrast, Norway spruce lacks this ability to actively switch between different electron sinks over the year and as a consequence suffers severe photooxidative damage during the critical spring period.

scholarly journals Logging residue removal after thinning in boreal forests: long-term impact on the nutrient status of Norway spruce and Scots pine needles

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Luiro ◽  
M. Kukkola ◽  
A. Saarsalmi ◽  
P. Tamminen ◽  
H.-S. Helmisaari
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Scots Pine Needles
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