scholarly journals Sensitivity of managed boreal forests in Finland to climate change, with implications for adaptive management

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1501) ◽  
pp. 2339-2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppo Kellomäki ◽  
Heli Peltola ◽  
Tuula Nuutinen ◽  
Kari T Korhonen ◽  
Harri Strandman
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Climate Change Model

This study investigated the sensitivity of managed boreal forests to climate change, with consequent needs to adapt the management to climate change. Model simulations representing the Finnish territory between 60 and 70° N showed that climate change may substantially change the dynamics of managed boreal forests in northern Europe. This is especially probable at the northern and southern edges of this forest zone. In the north, forest growth may increase, but the special features of northern forests may be diminished. In the south, climate change may create a suboptimal environment for Norway spruce. Dominance of Scots pine may increase on less fertile sites currently occupied by Norway spruce. Birches may compete with Scots pine even in these sites and the dominance of birches may increase. These changes may reduce the total forest growth locally but, over the whole of Finland, total forest growth may increase by 44%, with an increase of 82% in the potential cutting drain. The choice of appropriate species and reduced rotation length may sustain the productivity of forest land under climate change.

scholarly journals Effects of intensified silviculture on timber production and its economic profitability in boreal Norway spruce and Scots pine stands under changing climatic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Routa ◽  
A Kilpeläinen ◽  
V -P Ikonen ◽  
A Asikainen ◽  
A Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine how intensified silviculture affects timber production (sawlogs and pulpwood) and its economic profitability (net present value [NPV], with 2 per cent interest rate) based on forest ecosystem model simulations. The study was conducted on Norway spruce and Scots pine stands located on medium-fertile upland forest sites under middle boreal conditions in Finland, under current climate and minor climate change (the RCP2.6 forcing scenario). In intensified silviculture, improved regeneration materials were used, with 10–20 per cent higher growth than the unimproved materials, and/or nitrogen (N) fertilization of 150 kg ha−1, once or twice during a rotation of 50–70 years. Compared to the baseline management regime, the use of improved seedlings, alone or together with N fertilization, increased timber production by up to 26–28 per cent and the NPV by up to 32–60 per cent over rotation lengths of 60–70 years, regardless of tree species (although more in spruce) or climate applied. The use of improved seedlings affected timber yield and NPV more than N fertilization. Minor climate change also increased these outcomes in Scots pine, but not in Norway spruce.

Biomass expansion factors (BEFs) for Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch according to stand age for boreal forests

2004 ◽  
Vol 188 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lehtonen ◽  
R Mäkipää ◽  
J Heikkinen ◽  
R Sievänen ◽  
J Liski
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Biomass Expansion Factors

scholarly journals Männi-, kuuse- ja kasepuistute majandamise tasuvus lühikese raieringi korral / Profitability analysis of short rotations in Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stands

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henn Korjus ◽  
Priit Põllumäe ◽  
Siim Rool
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rotation Length ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Optimal Rotation

Abstract. Estonian forest management is based traditionally on long rotations. Recent trends in wood industry and wood consumption promote also production of small-size timber for bioenergy and timber products. This opens a discussion about shorter rotations and intensive forest management again in Estonia. In current study, profitability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch stand management on fertile soils was analyzed according to three different rotation lengths: traditional long rotation, short rotation and economically optimal rotation according Finnish TAPIO rules. Stand simulation software MOTTI was used to simulate and optimize forest growth and management. Simulation results were compared with actual data on forest growth and yield in Estonia. Economically optimal rotations were for Scots pine stand 58 years, Norway spruce stand 53 years and silver birch stand 41 years. Short and optimal rotation length enable 5.9-6.5% profitability for forest owner, traditional long rotation length enables 4.8-5.4% profitability. Rotation forestry is challenging task. Based on our analysis, it is likely that applied practices can intensify wood production and reduce forest management risks. However, theoretical approach is not enough for assessing practical feasibility of short rotations. Thus further studies and experiments are needed for careful analysis and recommendations

scholarly journals Regional risks of wind damage in boreal forests under changing management and climate projections

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1632-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.-P. Ikonen ◽  
A. Kilpeläinen ◽  
A. Zubizarreta-Gerendiain ◽  
H. Strandman ◽  
A. Asikainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
The South ◽  
Growing Stock

We employed simulations by forest ecosystem (SIMA) and mechanistic wind damage (HWIND) models in upland boreal forests throughout Finland to study regional risks of wind damage under changing management preferences and climates (current and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios) over 2010–2099. We used a critical wind speed for the uprooting of trees as a measure of vulnerability, which together with the probability of such wind speed defined a level of risk. Based on that, we also predicted the stem volume of growing stock at risk and the amount of damage. In this work, medium fertility sites were planted to one of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), or silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) or to the tree species that was dominant before the final clear-felling. The vulnerability to wind damage, the volume of growing stock at risk, and the amount of damage all increased, increasing the most in the south when the proportion of Norway spruce (with shallow rooting) of the growing stock increased. Under a severe climate warming, the proportion of Norway spruce decreased the most in the south, opposite to that of birch. This decreased the risk of damage in autumn (when birch is leafless), unlike in summer. The low risk of damage in the north was due to the large proportion of Scots pine.

The economics of using forests to increase carbon storage

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 2223-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Boyland
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Time Value ◽  
Planning Horizons ◽  
Northern Forests

Changes in forest-management practices have the potential to increase forest land carbon storage, which would help to reduce CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere linked to climate change and contribute to Kyoto Protocol targets for signatory countries. However, successfully increasing carbon storage while maintaining economic profitability is challenging because of the long planning horizons required for many forest activities and slow carbon sequestration rates in northern forests. The literature on the economics of forest management for carbon storage is unfortunately sparse and, in many instances, confused and misleading. Three carbon valuation equations are widely used that give contradictory results, with two of them (flow summation and average storage) ignoring the time-value carbon benefits and other essential data. Only the discounted carbon equation gives reasonably interpretable economic results. As well, many studies have omitted essential economic gradients that result in structurally questionable results. I review the literature, highlighting deficiencies in equations and how analyses are structured with the intent to produce a reasonable method of interpreting previous work and advice for future studies.

Monoterpenes in Scots Pine and Norway Spruce and their Emission during Kiln Drying

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Englund ◽  
Ralph M. Nussbaum
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exhaust Fumes ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Summary Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) were dried in a laboratory kiln, using conventional schedules with temperatures up to 60°C as well as schedules reaching 110°C. The losses of terpenes, which completely dominate the fugitive emissions from kiln drying of softwoods, were estimated by extraction of pooled subsamples from each batch, before and after drying. The original contents of terpenes were found to be in the ranges of 0.4–0.5% in pine sapwood, 0.8–1.1% in pine heartwood, and 0.02–0.08% in spruce, all calculated relative to the dry weight of the wood. The emissions from pine corresponded to 25–50% of the original content and those from spruce to 10–50%. High temperature drying in the laboratory was accompanied by larger losses, but this tendency was not found in the full-scale drying of spruce. No consistent difference was found between timber from the north of Sweden and from the south. Sampling of the vent exhaust fumes did not give results of sufficient reliability to confirm the extraction analyses.

scholarly journals Ectomycorrhizal root tips in relation to site and stand characteristics in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands in boreal forests

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-S. Helmisaari ◽  
I. Ostonen ◽  
K. Lohmus ◽  
J. Derome ◽  
A.-J. Lindroos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands ◽  
Stand Characteristics

Sensitivity of growth of Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch to climate change and forest management in boreal conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 232 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 152-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elemer Briceño-Elizondo ◽  
Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo ◽  
Heli Peltola ◽  
Juho Matala ◽  
Seppo Kellomäki
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Silver Birch

Variation in understory and canopy reflectance during stand development in Finnish coniferous forests

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nea Kuusinen ◽  
Pauline Stenberg ◽  
Erkki Tomppo ◽  
Pierre Bernier ◽  
Frank Berninger
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Site Fertility ◽  
Infrared Spectral

Inherent variability in the spectral properties of boreal forests complicates the retrieval of canopy properties such as canopy leaf area index from satellite images. Understanding the drivers of this variability could help provide better estimates of desired canopy cover properties. Field plot data from the Finnish National Forest Inventory and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images were used to investigate the variation in canopy and understory reflectance during stand development in coniferous boreal forests. Spectral data for each plot were obtained from the Landsat pixel within which the plot center coordinates fell. Nonlinear unmixing was used to estimate the bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) of the “sunlit understory” and “canopy and shaded ground” components by site fertility and stand development classes. A forest albedo model was used to estimate the contribution of diffuse radiation reflected downwards from the canopy to the sunlit understory component. The sunlit understory BRF in the near-infrared spectral band decreased as the site fertility decreased and the forest matured, whereas the sunlit understory BRFs in the red and shortwave-infrared spectral bands concurrently increased. The BRFs of the canopy and shaded ground component decreased slightly during stand development, mostly in the near-infrared spectral band. Adding the diffuse contribution to the sunlit understory component changed the estimated component BRFs only a little (0.1%–1.7%) compared with those obtained using a linear mixing assumption. This effect was largest in the near-infrared spectral band and smallest in the red spectral band. For Norway spruce plots, the measured and estimated forest variables were well correlated with the BRFs in all of the studied spectral bands, but for the Scots pine plots, the correlations were notably weaker. Results show a greater importance of the fraction of visible sunlit understory on forest reflectance in Scots pine than in Norway spruce forests.

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