Immune responses during the larval stages of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Metamorphosis alters immunocompetence, body shape and behavior

Personality is something that attracts the attention of many parties. Many theories that try to give some concepts and definitions related to the human personality with different points of view. Western psychologists try to provide a definition of personality that is psychological based on the word person, but until now the personality psychologists themselves still do not agree on what the definition of personality actually is. While in Islam, the concept of personality has been thoroughly discussed in various Islamic literature. The Apostle as an example for Muslims has applied the concept of personality and actions and behavior. Thus, the concept of personality according to Islam, that Islamic personality is defined as "a unified integration of the workings of aqliyah and nafsiyah based on Islamic faith which gives birth to actions". Human personality is not shaped and influenced by body shape, face and other accessories. Human personality is formed by aqliyah and nafsiyah.

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Characterization of the main steps in first shell formation in Mytilus galloprovincialis : possible role of tyrosinase

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2019.2043 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 286 (1916) ◽

pp. 20192043 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Miglioli ◽

R. Dumollard ◽

T. Balbi ◽

L. Besnardeau ◽

L. Canesi

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Enzyme Inhibitor ◽

Organic Matrix ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Shell Formation ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Matrix Deposition ◽

Shell Matrix

Bivalve biomineralization is a highly complex and organized process, involving several molecular components identified in adults and larval stages. However, information is still scarce on the ontogeny of the organic matrix before calcification occurs. In this work, first shell formation was investigated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis . The time course of organic matrix and CaCO 3 deposition were followed at close times post fertilization (24, 26, 29, 32, 48 h) by calcofluor and calcein staining, respectively. Both components showed an exponential trend in growth, with a delay between organic matrix and CaCO 3 deposition. mRNA levels of genes involved in matrix deposition (chitin synthase; tyrosinase- TYR) and calcification (carbonic anhydrase; extrapallial protein) were quantified by qPCR at 24 and 48 hours post fertilization (hpf) with respect to eggs. All transcripts were upregulated across early development, with TYR showing highest mRNA levels from 24 hpf. TYR transcripts were closely associated with matrix deposition as shown by in situ hybridization. The involvement of tyrosinase activity was supported by data obtained with the enzyme inhibitor N-phenylthiourea. Our results underline the pivotal role of shell matrix in driving first CaCO 3 deposition and the importance of tyrosinase in the formation of the first shell in M. galloprovincialis .

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Dynamics of the parasite Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and zooplankton populations in Alfacs Bay (Catalonia, Spain)

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182007003009 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 134 (11) ◽

pp. 1541-1550 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

N. CARRASCO ◽

I. LÓPEZ-FLORES ◽

M. ALCARAZ ◽

M. D. FURONES ◽

F. C. J. BERTHE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Zooplankton Community ◽

Infection Process ◽

Ostrea Edulis ◽

Decapod Crustaceans ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Experimental Transmission ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Delta De L'ebre ◽

Euterpina Acutifrons

SUMMARYSince the first description of Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in flat oysters Ostrea edulis in 1968 in the Aber Wrach, Brittany (France), the life-cycle of this parasite has remained unknown. However, recent studies, conducted in the ‘claire’ system, have proposed the planktonic copepod Acartia grani as a potential intermediate host for the parasite. Nevertheless, experimental transmission of the parasite through the copepod has failed. Recent studies in this field have reported the presence of the parasite in zooplankton from the bays of the Delta de l'Ebre, a more complex and natural estuarine environment than that of the claire. As a result, 2 new Marteilia host species were proposed: the copepods Oithona sp. (Cyclopoida) and an indeterminate Harpaticoida. Consequently, the objective of the present work was to study the dynamics of Marteilia in the zooplankton community from one of the bays, Alfacs Bay, as well as the dynamics of the parasite in cultivated mussels during 1 complete year. Six different zooplankton taxa appeared to be parasitized by M. refringens, including copepods (3 Calanoida, Acartia discaudata, A. clausi and A. italica; 1 Cyclopoida, Oithona sp.; and 1 Harpacticoida, Euterpina acutifrons), and larval stages of decapod crustaceans (zoea larvae of Brachyura, probably Portumnus sp.). These taxa are thus proposed as new subjects for study, since they could be intermediate hosts in the infection process of mussels by Marteilia.

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Immune responses induced by cadmium in Mytilus galloprovincialis haemocytes

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.05.114 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 154 (1) ◽

pp. S34

Author(s):

S. Koutsogiannaki ◽

M. Kaloyianni

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Mytilus Galloprovincialis

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Hippocampal astroglial hypertrophy in mice subjected to early life maternal deprivation

10.1101/2021.09.05.459015 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arnab Nandi ◽

Garima Virmani ◽

Swananda Marathe

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Life Stress ◽

Early Life ◽

Maternal Separation ◽

Early Life Stress ◽

Stratum Radiatum ◽

Late Adulthood ◽

Synaptic Physiology ◽

And Behavior

Early-life stress (ELS), including chronic deprivation of maternal care, exerts persistent life-long effects on animal physiology and behavior, and is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Long-lasting changes in neuronal plasticity and electrophysiology are documented extensively in the animal models of ELS. However, the role of astroglia in the lasting effects of ELS remains elusive. Astrocytes are intricately involved in the regulation of synaptic physiology and behavior. Moreover, astrocytes play a major role in the innate and adaptive immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). The role of immune responses and neuroinflammation in the altered brain development and persistent adverse effects of ELS are beginning to be explored. Innate immune response in the CNS is characterized by a phenomenon called astrogliosis, a process in which astrocytes undergo hypertrophy, along with changes in gene expression and function. While the immune activation and neuroinflammatory changes concomitant with ELS, or in juveniles and young adults have been reported, it is unclear whether mice subjected to ELS exhibit astrogliosis-like alterations well into late-adulthood. Here, we subjected mice to maternal separation from postnatal day 2 to day 22 and performed comprehensive morphometric analysis of hippocampal astrocytes during late-adulthood. We found that the astrocytes in the stratum radiatum region of the CA1 hippocampal subfield from maternally separated mice exhibit significant hypertrophy as late as 8 months of age, revealing the crucial changes in astrocytes that manifest long after the cessation of ELS. This study highlights the persistence of neuroinflammatory changes in mice exposed to ELS.

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A comprehensive review and call for studies on firefly larvae

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12121 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e12121

Author(s):

William B. Riley ◽

Simone Policena Rosa ◽

Luiz Felipe Lima da Silveira

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Applied Research ◽

The Other ◽

Immature Stages ◽

Comprehensive Understanding ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Key Issues ◽

Basic And Applied Research ◽

And Behavior

Background Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are commonly recognized by adult traits, such as a soft exoskeleton, lanterns and associated glow and flash patterns, but their larval stage is far less appreciated. However, fireflies spend most of their lives as larvae, and adults of most species rely solely on resources previously obtained. Therefore, studying the immature stages is imperative towards a comprehensive understanding of fireflies. This paper reviews and indicates key gaps in the biology of firefly larvae based on available literature. Methodology We reviewed the literature on firefly larvae to identify key issues and important taxonomic, geographic, and subject biases and gaps. Results We found 376 papers that included information on firefly larvae. Only 139 species in 47 genera across eight of eleven lampyrid subfamilies have been studied during larval stages. These numbers reveal a staggering gap, since 94% of species and over half of the genera of fireflies were never studied in a crucial stage of their life cycle. Most studies on firefly larvae focus on two subfamilies (Luciolinae and Lampyrinae) in four zoogeographic regions (Sino-Japanese, Oriental, Nearctic, and Palearctic), whereas the other subfamilies and regions remain largely unstudied. These studies mainly dealt with morphology and behavior, other subjects remaining greatly understudied by comparison, including habitats, life cycle, physiology and interactions. Conclusions Together, these literature biases and gaps highlight how little is known about firefly larvae, and warmly invite basic and applied research, in the field and in the lab, to overcome these limitations and improve our understanding of firefly biology to better preserve them.

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Upper lethal temperatures for the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819), in central coast of Chile

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research ◽

10.3856/vol43-issue3-fulltext-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 473-483

Author(s):

Andrés Mesas ◽

Eduardo Tarifeño

Keyword(s):

Geographic Distribution ◽

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Temperature Limit ◽

Southern Chile ◽

Physiological Tolerance ◽

Larval Stages ◽

Lethal Temperatures ◽

Magellan Strait ◽

Mediterranean Mussel ◽

Physiological Background

The presence of Mytilus galloprovincialis, widely known as the Mediterranean mussel, have been genetically certified from Coliumo Bay to the Magellan Strait, in central and southern Chile, respectively. To correlate the geographic distribution of this species along the Chilean coast with its physiological tolerance to upper temperatures, experiments were carried out with adults and larval stages. Trochophore, umbonate veliger, and pre-metamorphic larvae were submitted to experimental temperatures from 17-33°C, during 24 h to determine the upper temperature limit. Meanwhile, adult experiments were carried with specimens having different previous physiological background: spring-summer acclimation (November-January), and fall-winter acclimation (August-October) and exposed to temperature range of 17-33°C for period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, to verify mortality and byssus formation. Results showed that at larvae stages, the 50% of mortality occurred at 27°C, with 100% mortality at 30°C. Adult stages reached the 55% mortality exposed for 48 h at 30°C and 100% mortality in 72 h at the same temperature. The byssus secretion become failing at 27°C and ceased at 30°C.

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