A simplified model on carbon monoxide yield in burning of polymeric solids containing flame retardants

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

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Carbon monoxide yield of cigarettes.

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.2.6204.1584-a ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 2 (6204) ◽

pp. 1584-1584

Author(s):

P N Lee

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

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Effects of Aluminum Hydroxide and Layered Double Hydroxide on Asphalt Fire Resistance

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11101939 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1939 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Menglin Li ◽

Ling Pang ◽

Meizhu Chen ◽

Jun Xie ◽

Quantao Liu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Layered Double Hydroxide ◽

Aluminum Hydroxide ◽

Fire Resistance ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Combined System ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Double Hydroxide ◽

The Impact

When a fire occurs in a tunnel, the instantaneous high temperature and smoke cause great danger to people. Therefore, the asphalt pavement material in the tunnel must have sufficient fire resistance. In this study, the effects of aluminum hydroxide and layered double hydroxide on the fire resistance of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer-modified asphalt was investigated. The fire resistance of the asphalt was evaluated by using a limiting oxygen index (LOI). The impact of aluminum hydroxide (ATH), layered double hydroxide (LDHs), and mixed flame retardant (MFR) on LOI was studied. The synergistic fire resistance mechanism of ATH and LDHs in asphalt binder was analyzed by using an integrated thermal analyzer‒mass spectrometry combined system (TG-DSC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). The experimental results indicated that the main active temperature range of these flame retardants was 221–483 °C. The main components of smoke were methane, hydroxyl, water, carbon monoxide, aldehyde, carbon dioxide, etc. The addition of flame retardants could inhibit the production of methane, carbon monoxide, and aldehyde. Moreover, due to the good synergistic effects of ATH and LDHs, 20 wt % MFR had the best fire resistance.

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Analysis of Emissions from Selected Wood Charcoal Species Combustion

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1645 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 568-570 ◽

pp. 1645-1648

Author(s):

Vojtech Dirner ◽

Albin Dobeš ◽

Alexander Király

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Nitrogen Oxides ◽

Beech Wood ◽

Wood Charcoal ◽

The Other ◽

Birch Wood ◽

Minimum Concentration ◽

Spruce Wood ◽

The Difference ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

This study quantified selected emissions (carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) that are produced during combustion of beech wood, birch wood and spruce wood charcoal in the combustion tube furnace. The maximum concentration of carbon monoxide and also the nitrogen oxides have been measured in the case of the spruce wood charcoal. The minimum concentration of carbon monoxide and also nitrogen oxides have been measured in the case of the beech wood charcoal. Although the difference between maximum emissions concentration of examined samples has been smooth. The comparison of obtained results with data published by previous studies can be made a suggestion, that the maximum concentrations of measured emissions are higher for wood than for charcoal. The nitrogen oxides yield per weight loss is higher for wood than for charcoal. On the other hand the carbon monoxide yield is higher for charcoal than for wood.

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Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yield of UK cigarettes and the risk of non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer

European Journal of Cancer Prevention ◽

10.1097/cej.0000000000000404 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 40-44

Author(s):

Frits H.M. van Osch ◽

Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels ◽

Sylvia H.J. Jochems ◽

Ranti Fayokun ◽

Nicholas D. James ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Bladder Cancer ◽

Invasive Bladder Cancer ◽

Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer ◽

Muscle Invasive ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

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Carbon monoxide yield in natural gas autothermal reforming process

Journal of Power Sources ◽

10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00711-x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 101 (2) ◽

pp. 188-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S.H Chan ◽

H.M Wang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Autothermal Reforming ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

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Preparation and Absorption Carbon Monoxide Properties of a Novel Flame Retardants Based Fire-Fighting Foam

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2021.646509 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Xiujuan Li ◽

Ruisong Guo ◽

Xiaodong Qian

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Magnesium Hydroxide ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Gas Temperature ◽

Fire Extinguishing ◽

Film Forming ◽

Co Concentration

The toxicity of CO threatens the life of people in the fire site. In this study, flame retardants of nano magnesium hydroxide particles and water-soluble flame retardant 8124 are used to be mixed into the aqueous film forming fire extinguishing agent (AFFF). Smoke-suppressed fire extinguishing agent was prepared in Waring-Blender mixing cup and then stirred at 3,000 r/min for 5 min. The new extinguishing agent shows a good performance of absorption of CO and reducing the flue gas temperature. The concentration of CO was decreased below 131 ppm and flue gas temperature was basically kept below 40°C, which was 367 ppm and 83.1°C less than that in free-fire. Using new extinguishing agent can effectively reduce the harm to the trapped personnel and firemen in the fire site. It was of great significance. The harm of CO concentration below 131 ppm and flue gas temperature below 40°C was low. The time to reach the maximum CO concentration and the maximum flue gas temperature was delayed, which ensures that people have more time to escape. Even if there was not enough time to escape, people will not be seriously threatened.

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