The development of the index of multiple deprivations from small-area population census in the city of Guangzhou, PRC

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Fulong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Population Census ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Mapping foreign residents in Japan’s major cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Small Unit ◽  
The Status ◽  
Japanese Residents ◽  
Residential Distribution

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Japan’s population has been declining since it reached its peak in 2008, and the annual decrease is expected to expand gradually in the future. In this situation, improvement in the fertility rate and intake of foreigners have attracted great attention. However, since the total fertility rate (TFR) has remained stagnant between 1.40 and 1.45 in recent years, more attention is being paid to the role of foreigners as “replacement migration,” and the importance of this has even been highlighted by the United Nations (2001). Noteworthy trends in relation to this are the regional disparity of population decline and the distribution of foreign nationals in contemporary Japan. In particular, the issue of depopulation is serious in peripheral parts of the country because it has been occurring since the 1980s. Meanwhile, the monopolar concentration of population, including foreign residents, into Tokyo has also been a major issue.</p><p>Keeping the above developments in mind, the first edition of <i>Mapping Foreign Residents in Japan</i>, which I edited, was published in 2011; thanks to its favourable reception, a revised edition was published in January 2019. Both editions were prepared especially for policy-makers of national and local government offices in charge of foreign residents. It includes more than 100 maps. This presentation aims to introduce the maps that visualize the status of foreign residents in Japan’s major cities and to outline the distinctive features of the differentiation in their residential distribution.</p><p>The work’s chief sources are national government statistics such as population census (including microdata of foreign residents in the 2015 census), statistics on foreign residents, and vital statistics. The maps are arranged by six topics (distribution/changes, gender/age/nationality, status-of-residence, employment, life, and enclaves/migration), and each topic has several sub-topics. Maps of foreign residents in major cities are drawn on a municipality basis (city, ward, town, and village) or on a small-area unit basis (<i>cho-cho</i> and <i>aza</i>). Figure 1 shows an example from the second edition.</p><p>Major findings obtained from the series of maps in the recently revised publication are summarized as follows.</p><p>First, there are very few remarkably large enclaves composed of small-unit areas with a high ratio of foreign residents, suggesting that most foreign residents, even in such areas, tend to reside alongside Japanese residents. Second, major enclaves for ‘oldcomers’ (Korean and Chinese residents) are located in the inner-city areas of a few metropolises. Third, major enclaves for newcomers are confirmed to exist in four types of small-area units: downtown, public housing, around universities, and around factories.

scholarly journals Accessibility to park in Łódź in view of individual transport, public transport and cycling

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Borowska-Stefańska ◽  
Szymon Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
City Center ◽  
The City

In this article, the goal was to assess spatial accessibility to the parks in Łódż for example of cycling, individual transport and public transport. Parks represent basic units of recreational greenery in the city. (Czerwieniec, Lewińska 2000). In Łódź are 43 parks, which are located mainly in the rail peripheral or right behind her (Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz 2008). To determine the spatial accessibility to the parks in the analyzed city, were calculated the number and percentage of the population, which living in 2016 in isochrones: 0-5; 5-10; 10-15; 15-20; 20-25; 25-30 minutes from the parks. In the study were taken into account the different means of transport - car, bicycle and public. It was found that the most beneficial for the residents of the city is by bike. In the case of 3/4 of the population of Łódż travel time by bike to the park is less than 5 minutes. Bicycle and public transport provide access to the parks, the vast majority of inhabitants of the city in time to 5 minutes, while individual transport in time 5-10 minutes. Most preferably, due to the accessibility for the residents of the city, are located parks in the city center, and behind its borders, in turn, within the rail perimeter. Over there the population density is greatest, unfortunately, a small area of parks.

GENERAL COMMENTS

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ling ◽  
Lesley Ling
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Interior Decoration ◽  
Patterns Of Distribution ◽  
Residential Units ◽  
The City

The Decorations have so Far Been Considered house by house because their main interest lies in what they tell us about the residential units for which they were designed and the householders who commissioned them. We may conclude, however, by looking at them globally to draw some general conclusions about patterns of distribution and about the contribution made by Insula I.10 to our knowledge of Pompeian interior decoration. The nature of our study, covering a whole insula rather than focusing on individual houses, provides an exceptional opportunity to consider decorations across a range of properties which together constitute a ‘neighbourhood’ within Pompeii. We can thus pick out some of the patterns of economic and social differentiation within a small area of the city. Even if few of our conclusions prove to be unexpected, they none the less provide some kind of model against which to measure the results of studies of individual houses or of whole insulae elsewhere in Pompeii. Our discussion will, inevitably, concentrate on the seven more substantial dwellings in the insula, namely the Case del Menandro, degli Amanti and del Fabbro, and houses 1, 3, 8, and 18. The various one- or tworoom units, including independent shops and workshops, and the upstairs apartment entered via entrance 5, either lacked any form of interior decoration (other than largely plain plaster and mortar paving) or have yielded too little evidence to enable worthwhile conclusions to be drawn. one in the Casa del Fabbro and one in the Casa degli Amanti, hints at the former existence of even more luxurious paintings of which no trace remains. But the record is simply too defective to bring this material into the equation: as in other parts of Pompeii, details of arrangements on the upper floors are mostly unrecoverable. We are forced to base our figures on the ground floors alone, acknowledging the danger that this may result in some distortion of the picture. First, pavements. The decorated paving can be divided into three main types: true mosaic, pavements of mortar sprinkled with pieces of white and coloured stones, and pavements of mortar with patterns formed by lines of tesserae.

scholarly journals Development of the Road Network in the City of Salt in 2004 and 2016 Using GIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Deaa Al-Deen Amjad Qtaishat ◽  
Abd Al Azez Hdoush ◽  
Eng. Loiy Qasim Alzu’Bi
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
The Road ◽  
Standard Distance ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

The aim of this study is to analyze the structure of the road network in As-Salt City in the period between 2004 and 2016, in order to identify the road employability in terms of the degree of connectivity, rotation, accessibility, and density. The relationship between the social properties and road distribution are also examined through analysis of the network characteristics concerning population distribution. The data used in this study was based on the As-Salt City Municipality Database supported with fieldwork done in 2016. The network analysis approach using GIS was used to calculate the roads employability. The study compares between the results of the analysis using the cognitive model of the road network for the years 2004 and 2016, knowing that the number of nodes in 2004 and 2016 was constant indicating the number of neighborhoods is 20, while the number of links changed from 42 links in 2004 to 50 links in 2016 and the average center of roads was determined, and it was estimated that the average road center is located near the municipality of As-Salt The study indicates that the road network suffers from a low degree of communication and rotation and the standard distance of road sites in the study area. The standard distance for each group was 2338.49 m. There is a disparity in the distribution of road network within As-Salt City, and the proportion of roads lengths dose not suit the population distribution pattern. The neighborhood of Al- Salalem, includes 19.5% of the total number of roads in As-Salt, because the neighborhood of Al-Salalem contains the highest population census and this is accompanied by urban growth, which is necessarily accompanied by the presence of roads. Therefore, it is recommended to have a plan to redistribute the population in the city and to establish new roads to reduce the problems of traffic in the city.

scholarly journals Spatial Variation of Caste/Ethnic Poverty in Mountain Districts of Nepal: An Approximation through Small Area Estimation Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-193
Author(s):  
Bhim Raj Suwal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Small Area Estimation ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Area Estimation ◽  
Caste Groups ◽  
East West

Nepal is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society where economic condition of various caste/ethnic groups substantially varies. However, adequate attention has not been paid to estimate the level of monetary poverty of various caste/ethnicities and assess how people of the same caste/ethnicity living in different locations (districts) vary in terms of monetary poverty. Focusing only on mountain belt, which is one of the economically poorest areas of the country, this study aims to estimate incidence of monetary poverty for major caste/ethnicities living in the mountain districts with the help of small area estimation (SAE) technique and assess spatial variation in the incidence of monetary poverty of the same caste/ethnic group living along the east-west continuum of the mountain districts. Required data for SAE is derived from Nepal Living Standard Survey (2010/11) and 2011 population census of Nepal. The study shows that, compared to other districts, three eastern mountain districts (Province 1) (Taplejung, Sankhuwasabha, and Solukhumbu) have lowest incidence of poverty for all the caste/ethnicities with much lower incidence in three socioeconomically advanced hill caste groups. Incidence of poverty tends to increase sharply along the east to west continuum of mountain districts with exceptionally high poverty rates for Dalits in the far western mountain districts (Province 7). Some culturally similar caste/ethnic groups follow almost similar pattern of increase in the incidence of poverty along the east-west continuum of the mountain districts and form districts of clusters in each region with similar level of poverty.

scholarly journals Developing a Small-Area Deprivation Measure for Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam Allik ◽  
Dandara Ramos ◽  
Marilyn Agranonik ◽  
Elzo Pereira Pinto Junior ◽  
Maria Yury Ichihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
The North ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Deprivation Measure

This report describes the development of the BrazDep small-area deprivation measure for the whole of Brazil. The measure uses the 2010 Brazilian Population Census data and is calculated for the smallest possible geographical area level, the census sectors. It combines three variables – (1) percent of households with per capita income ≤ 1/2 minimum wage; (2) percent of people not literate, aged 7+; and (3) average of percent of people with inadequate access to sewage, water, garbage collection and no toilet and bath/shower – into a single measure. Similar measures have previously been developed at the census sector level for some states or municipalities, but the deprivation measure described in this report is the first one to be provided for census sectors for the whole of Brazil. BrazDep is a measure of relative deprivation, placing the census sectors on a scale of material well-being from the least to the most deprived. It is useful in comparing areas within Brazil in 2010, but cannot be used to make comparisons across countries or time. Categorical versions of the measure are also provided, placing census sectors into groups of similar levels of deprivation. Deprivation measures, such as the one developed here, have been developed for many countries and are popular tools in public health research for describing the social patterning of health outcomes and supporting the targeting and delivery of services to areas of higher need. The deprivation measure is exponentially distributed, with a large proportion of areas having a low deprivation score and a smaller number of areas experiencing very high deprivation. There is significant regional variation in deprivation; areas in the North and Northeast of Brazil have on average much higher deprivation compared to the South and Southeast. Deprivation levels in the Central-West region fall between those for the North and South. Differences are also great between urban and rural areas, with the former having lower levels of deprivation compared to the latter. The measure was validated by comparing it to other similar indices measuring health and social vulnerability at the census sector level in states and municipalities where it was possible, and at the municipal level for across the whole of Brazil. At the municipal level the deprivation measure was also compared to health outcomes. The different validation exercises showed that the developed measure produced expected results and could be considered validated. As the measure is an estimate of the “true” deprivation in Brazil, uncertainty exists about the exact level of deprivation for all of the areas. For the majority of census sectors the uncertainty is small enough that we can reliably place the area into a deprivation category. However, for some areas uncertainty is very high and the provided estimate is unreliable. These considerations should always be kept in mind when using the BrazDep measure in research or policy. The measure should be used as part of a toolkit, rather than a single basis for decision-making. The data together with documentation is available from the University of Glasgow http: //dx.doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.980. The data and this report are distributed under Creative Commons Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be freely used by researchers, policy makers or members of public.

scholarly journals Small area variations and factors associated with blood pressure and body-mass index in adult women in Accra, Ghana: Bayesian spatial analysis of a representative population survey and census data

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. e1003850
Author(s):  
Sierra N. Clark ◽  
James E. Bennett ◽  
Raphael E. Arku ◽  
Allan G. Hill ◽  
Günther Fink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Credible Intervals ◽  
The City

Background Body-mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) levels are rising in sub-Saharan African cities, particularly among women. However, there is very limited information on how much they vary within cities, which could inform targeted and equitable health policies. Our study aimed to analyse spatial variations in BMI and BP for adult women at the small area level in the city of Accra, Ghana. Methods and findings We combined a representative survey of adult women’s health in Accra, Ghana (2008 to 2009) with a 10% random sample of the national census (2010). We applied a hierarchical model with a spatial term to estimate the associations of BMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with demographic, socioeconomic, behavioural, and environmental factors. We then used the model to estimate BMI and BP for all women in the census in Accra and calculated mean BMI, SBP, and DBP for each enumeration area (EA). BMI and/or BP were positively associated with age, ethnicity (Ga), being currently married, and religion (Muslim) as their 95% credible intervals (95% CrIs) did not include zero, while BP was also negatively associated with literacy and physical activity. BMI and BP had opposite associations with socioeconomic status (SES) and alcohol consumption. In 2010, 26% of women aged 18 and older had obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), and 21% had uncontrolled hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 and/or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg). The differences in mean BMI and BP between EAs at the 10th and 90th percentiles were 2.7 kg/m2 (BMI) and in BP 7.9 mm Hg (SBP) and 4.8 mm Hg (DBP). BMI was generally higher in the more affluent eastern parts of Accra, and BP was higher in the western part of the city. A limitation of our study was that the 2010 census dataset used for predicting small area variations is potentially outdated; the results should be updated when the next census data are available, to the contemporary population, and changes over time should be evaluated. Conclusions We observed that variation of BMI and BP across neighbourhoods within Accra was almost as large as variation across countries among women globally. Localised measures are needed to address this unequal public health challenge in Accra.

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