Objective measures of the frailty syndrome (hand grip strength and gait speed) and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review

Background: At present, it is unclear whether older, obese persons with or without sarcopenia respond differently to training. Furthermore, there are no differentiated recommendations for resistance training for this special target group. Objectives: The objectives are to investigate the changes in the physical parameters of older, obese men caused by training and to reappraise the modalities of resistance training for older persons. Design: Pre-test-post-test design. Participants: The participants were 33 physically inactive and obese older men (≥ 65 years, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), with-out severe diseases. Subjects were divided into two groups: NSAR (no or presarcopenia, n= 15) or SAR (sarcopenia, n= 18). Intervention: The intervention consisted of progressive resistance training, twice a week for 16 weeks with finally 80-85% of maximum strength and three sets with 8-12 repetitions. The training contained six exercises for the major muscle groups. Measurements: Sarcopenia was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), hand-grip strength, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and gait speed over a 6-meter walkway. Furthermore, the maximum dynamic strength (1 RM) was assessed. Results: At baseline, the NSAR group had significantly better values in SMI, SPPB score, hand-grip strength, and 1 RM. After training, the results in both groups displayed an increase in 1 RM at the lower limbs (NSAR 18%, SAR 38%) and the upper limbs (NSAR 12%, SAR 14%). Also, the SPPB score (NSAR 11%, SAR 15%) and the 6-m-gait speed (NSAR 5%, SAR 10%) increased. The SAR group was able to increase their right hand-grip strength by 12%, whereas the NSAR group maintained their initial high strength values. SMI did not change in both groups. Conclusions: Both groups show improvements after resistance training with slightly more benefits for men with sarcopenia. Results of this study can be used to define specific training regimens for N(SAR) subjects.

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Measurement Properties of the Hand Grip Strength Assessment: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ◽

10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.183 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 101 (3) ◽

pp. 553-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pavlos Bobos ◽

Goris Nazari ◽

Ze Lu ◽

Joy C. MacDermid

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Measurement Properties ◽

Strength Assessment ◽

Hand Grip

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The Influence of Upper and Lower Extremity Strength on Performance-Based Sarcopenia Assessment Tests

Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology ◽

10.3390/jfmk3040053 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Michael Harris-Love ◽

Kimberly Benson ◽

Erin Leasure ◽

Bernadette Adams ◽

Valerie McIntosh

Keyword(s):

Lower Extremity ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Grip Force ◽

Knee Extensor ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Strength Testing ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Lower Extremity Strength

The optimal management of sarcopenia requires appropriate endpoint measures to determine intervention efficacy. While hand grip strength is a predictor of morbidity and mortality, lower extremity strength may be better associated with functional activities in comparison to hand grip strength. The purpose of our study was to examine the comparative association of upper and lower extremity strength with common measures of physical performance in older adults. Thirty community-dwelling men, aged 62.5 ± 9.2 years, completed body composition analysis, quantitative strength testing, and performance-based tests of functional status. Hand grip force values were not significantly associated with knee extensor or flexor torque values (p > 0.05). Hand grip force was only associated with fast gait speed, while knee extensor torque at 60°/s was the only variable significantly associated across all functional outcome measures: customary gait speed, fast gait speed, sit to stand time, and the Physical Performance Test (p < 0.02). Hand grip strength was not a proxy measure of lower extremity strength as assessed in this study. Overall, lower extremity muscle strength values had the strongest associations with participant functional performance. Lower extremity strength testing may provide additional value as an endpoint measure in the assessment and clinical management of sarcopenia.

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The Prediction of ADL and IADL Disability Using Six Physical Indicators of Frailty: A Longitudinal Study in the Netherlands

Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research ◽

10.1155/2014/358137 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Robbert J. J. Gobbens ◽

Marcel A. L. M. van Assen

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Response Rate ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Physical Frailty ◽

Activity Restriction ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Iadl Disability

Frailty is a predictor of disability. A proper understanding of the contribution of individual indicators of frailty in the prediction of disability is a requisite for preventive interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive power of the individual physical frailty indicators: gait speed, physical activity, hand grip strength, Body Mass Index (BMI), fatigue, and balance, for ADL and IADL disability. The sample consisted of 505 community-dwelling persons (≥75 years, response rate 35.1%). Respondents first participated between November 2007 and June 2008, and a subset of all respondents participated again one year later (N=264, 52.3% response rate). ADL and IADL disability were assessed by the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. BMI was assessed by self-report, and the other physical frailty indicators were assessed with the TUG test (gait speed), the LAPAQ (physical activity), a hand grip strength test, the SFQ (fatigue), and the Four-test balance scale. All six physical frailty indicators were associated with ADL and IADL disability. After controlling for previous disability, sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived lifestyle, and chronic diseases, only gait speed was predictive of both ADL and IADL disability, whereas there was a small effect of fatigue on IADL disability. Hence, these physical frailty indicators should be included in frailty assessment when predicting future disability.

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Combined Chair-Based Exercises Improve Functional Fitness, Mental Well-Being, Salivary Steroid Balance, and Anti-microbial Activity in Pre-frail Older Women

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.564490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado ◽

Rubens Vinícius Letieri ◽

Adriana Silva-Caldo ◽

Joice C. S. Trombeta ◽

Clara Monteiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Older Women ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Well Being ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Functional Fitness ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Mental Well Being

IntroductionRegular exercise has long been shown to positively impact the immune system responsiveness and improve mental well-being (MWB). However, the putative links between biomarkers of mental health and immune efficiency in exercising subjects have been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of a 14-week combined chair-based exercise program (CEP) on salivary steroid hormones and anti-microbial proteins, functional fitness, and MWB indexes in pre-frail older women.MethodsThe participant women (82.8 4.6 years old; n = 32) were randomly divided into the exercising group (CEP, n = 17) and the non-exercising control group (CG, n = 15). The pre/post assessment included: (1) salivary anti-microbial proteins lysozyme; (Lys) and immunoglobulin-A (IgA); (2) salivary steroid hormones of testosterone (TT) and cortisol (COR); (3) functional fitness (gait speed, hand grip strength, and static balance); (4) MWB questionnaires (happiness, depression state, satisfaction with life, and stress).ResultsSignificant differences with large Cohen’s (d) effect sizes were found on increased salivary TT (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) after exercise intervention. The results revealed a decrease in IgA levels after CEP (p < 0.01, d = 0.30). The increase in subjective happiness levels (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) and decrease of stress perception (p < 0.01, d = 2.60) and depressive state (p < 0.05, d = 0.30) were found after intervention in the CEP group. Robust statistical differences in gait speed (p < 0.05; d = 0.60) and balance tests (p < 0.05; d = 0.80) were also found in the CEP group. In control, COR increased moderately (p < 0.05; d = 0.65) while no changes were found for the other indicators. Correlation analyses showed inter-dependence between pre–post variations of MWB, biochemical indexes, and fitness function (e.g., COR inverse correlation with hand grip strength and balance tests).ConclusionThe CEP program was able to improve functional-fitness performance, decrease feelings of stress, and increase happiness. The CEP also induced clinically relevant hormonal and immune responses, which suggests that chair exercises that combine muscular strength, balance, and gait speed training are promising interventions to improve physical and mental health of older pre-frail adults.

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Evaluation protocols of hand grip strength in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review

Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia (English Edition) ◽

10.1016/j.rbre.2014.03.009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 140-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ana Paula Shiratori ◽

Rodrigo da Rosa Iop ◽

Noé Gomes Borges Júnior ◽

Susana Cristina Domenech ◽

Monique da Silva Gevaerd

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Hand Grip

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The association between decreased hand grip strength and hip fracture in older people: A systematic review

Experimental Gerontology ◽

10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.022 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katharina Denk ◽

Sheila Lennon ◽

Susan Gordon ◽

Ruurd Lucas Jaarsma

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Hip Fracture ◽

Older People ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Hand Grip

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Association of Anthropometric and Nutrition Status Indicators with Hand Grip Strength and Gait Speed in Older Adults

Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition ◽

10.1002/jpen.1424 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 347-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Joana Mendes ◽

Cláudia Afonso ◽

Pedro Moreira ◽

Patrícia Padrão ◽

Alejandro Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Hand Grip

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Box and block test, hand grip strength and nine‐hole peg test: correlations between three upper limb objective measures in multiple sclerosis

European Journal of Neurology ◽

10.1111/ene.14427 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (12) ◽

pp. 2523-2530

Author(s):

C. Solaro ◽

R. Di Giovanni ◽

E. Grange ◽

M. Mueller ◽

M. Messmer Uccelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Upper Limb ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Objective Measures ◽

Hand Grip ◽

Block Test ◽

Nine Hole Peg Test

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Predictors of poor functional outcomes and mortality in patients with hip fracture: a systematic review

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-019-2950-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bang Yu Xu ◽

Shi Yan ◽

Lian Leng Low ◽

Farhad Fakhrudin Vasanwala ◽

Sher Guan Low

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Hip Fracture ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Hip Fractures ◽

Functional Outcomes ◽

Medical Condition ◽

Hand Grip Strength ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Hand Grip

Abstract Background Hip fracture is an important and prevalent medical condition associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this article is to systematically review and summarise the predictors of poor functional outcomes and mortality for patients with hip fractures. Methods We conducted a systemic literature search using PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. We included English peer-reviewed cohort studies that examined predictors of poor functional outcomes (such as independence in Activities of Daily Living) and mortality for patients with hip fracture published in the past 15 years (from 1 Jan 2004 up to 30 May 2019). Two independent researchers evaluated the articles for eligibility. Consensus on the eligibility was sought and a third researcher was involved if there was disagreement. A standardised form was used to extract relevant data. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results We retrieved 4339 and included 81 articles. We identified two emerging predictors of poor functional outcomes and mortality for patients with hip fractures: low hand grip strength and frailty in line with an emerging concept of “physical performance”. The predictors identified in this systematic review can be grouped into 1) medical factors, such as presence of co-morbidities, high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, sarcopenia, 2) surgical factors including delay in operation (e.g. > 48 h), type of fracture s, 3) socio-economic factors which include age, gender, ethnicity, and 4) system factors including lower case-volume centers. Conclusions This systematic review identified multiple significant predictors of poor functional outcomes and mortality, with the hand grip strength and frailty being important emerging predictors in the most recent literature. These predictors would further inform healthcare providers of their patients’ health status and allow for early intervention for modifiable predictors.

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