Examining associations between citizens' beliefs and attitudes about uncertainty and their earthquake risk judgments, preparedness intentions, and mitigation policy support in Japan and the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branden B. Johnson ◽  
Kazuya Nakayachi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Mitigation Policy ◽  
Risk Judgments ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

scholarly journals Clinical Ethics Committees in the United Kingdom: Towards Evaluation

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Williamson ◽  
Sheila McLean ◽  
Judith Connell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Clinical Ethics ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

In the United Kingdom there is a growing conviction that CECs have an important role to play in helping health care professionals address ethical dilemmas. For example, the Royal College of Physicians, the Nuffield Trust and the unofficial Clinical Ethics Network, which has received financial support from the Department of Health, commend the use of CECs in the UK. The growth of such committees has been influenced by the legal and policy support they have received in the United States. However, there is increasing concern about both the benefits and the quality of work produced by CECs. In addition, despite the rapid increase in the number of CECs in the UK, outside of the United States they remain under-researched and no formal mechanism exists to assess their performance. As a result we know little about the structure, function, impact and effectiveness of CECs. We are currently conducting a research project funded by the Wellcome Trust that seeks to interrogate the competing claims regarding the benefits and disbenefits of CECs. This initial account of our research provides a detailed analysis of theoretical issues that surround the development and use of CECs and points towards the questions that lie at the heart of the social science strand of our project.

scholarly journals Medical mistrust in the context of Ebola: Implications for intended care-seeking and quarantine policy support in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie A Earnshaw ◽  
Laura M Bogart ◽  
Michael Klompas ◽  
Ingrid T Katz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Medical Mistrust ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Potential Impact

This investigation explores Ebola conspiracy beliefs, a form of medical mistrust, and their potential impact on health behavior. Results of an online survey in the United States in December 2014 demonstrated that 16 percent of 202 participants held conspiracy beliefs. Participants who were less knowledgeable about Ebola, more mistrustful of medical organizations, and more xenophobic more strongly endorsed conspiracy beliefs. Participants who more strongly endorsed conspiracy beliefs reported that they would be less likely to seek care for Ebola and were less supportive of quarantining people returning from West Africa. Results suggest that medical mistrust may influence health behaviors during infectious disease outbreaks.

scholarly journals McLaughlin et al. (2020) - PRS - Who are the Religious Dones?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron McLaughlin ◽  
Daryl R. Van Tongeren ◽  
Kelly Teahan ◽  
Don E. Davis ◽  
Kenneth G. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Religious Behaviors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Effect Hypothesis ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Identifying as nonreligious is increasingly more common in the United States. However, up until recently the field has been slow to understand differences in experience among those who have never been religious and those who have deidentified from religion. In addressing this gap, we sought to first identify differing motivations for deidentifying from religion (pilot study, n ? 153). In our primary study, we sought to explore whether there are different types of religious dones in a cross-cultural sample (United States n = 206; Netherlands n = 288; Hong Kong n = 149) and whether there are meaningful differences in behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes among these different types. Results revealed two distinct profiles of religious dones based on their experience of religious beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, and affiliation: discontinuing religious dones, and still practicing religious dones. This research addressed gaps in understanding nuanced differences among those who formerly but no longer identify as religious, and also offered additional evidence to support the religious residue effect hypothesis in that many religious dones continued to demonstrate religious beliefs and behaviors (Van Tongeren, DeWall, Chen, Sibley, & Bulbulia, 2020). The discontinuing group endorsed less religious behaviors and practices as well as more neutral attitudes toward religion and religious individuals, while the still practicing engaged in more religious and spiritual behaviors and also held more positive attitudes toward religion and religious individuals. Additionally, the still practicing reported more mental health concerns related to affect, anxiety, and depression than did the discontinuing.

scholarly journals Assessing Dimensions of the Security-Liberty Trade-off in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-120
Author(s):  
Brian S Krueger ◽  
Samuel J. Best ◽  
Kristin Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Opinion Leadership ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Terrorism Threat ◽  
Practical Implications

The trade-off between security and liberty has been a leading frame for understanding public opinion about domestic surveillance policies. Most of the empirical work explicitly examining whether individuals meet the trade-off framework’s core attitudinal assumptions comes from European studies. This study uses a survey of US residents to assess the veracity of the assumptions embedded in the trade-off framework, namely whether domestic counterterrorism policies are simultaneously viewed as improving security and decreasing liberty. We find that the vast majority of US respondents do not meet the basic attitudinal assumptions of the trade-off frame. Next, we evaluate the source of these attitudes with a focus on whether attitudes toward surveillance policies merely relate to core political values or whether they also depend on the messages from political leaders. We find that both political values and opinion leadership shape these attitudes. Finally, because general attitudes towards surveillance and privacy often fail to have practical implications, we assess whether these attitudes matter for understanding the structure of policy support. Our results show that heightened terrorism threat positively associates with increased support for counterterrorism policies only when people believe these policies are effective security tools.

Differences in beliefs and attitudes toward Depression and Schizophrenia in Russia and the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine S Nersessova ◽  
Tomas Jurcik ◽  
Timothy L Hulsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Mental Health Literacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Professional Help ◽  
Corrective Information ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

Background: Cross-cultural studies find that culture shapes people’s understanding of mental illnesses, particularly Depression and Schizophrenia. Aims: To compare individuals’ beliefs and attitudes toward Depression and Schizophrenia in Russia and the United States. Method: Participants ( N=607) were presented with vignettes of two diagnostically unlabeled psychiatric case histories and then answered questions regarding mental health literacy (MHL) and attitudes toward the person and the illness. Results: Our findings indicate that Depression was most often attributed to psychosocial stress while Schizophrenia was thought to be caused by biological factors. People from both countries considered those suffering from Schizophrenia to be unpredictable and dangerous. US participants were more likely to endorse lay and professional help for both disorders than their Russian counterparts. Russian participants reported being less likely to turn to someone they trust and more likely to deal with problems on their own. Russian participants were also more likely to view those with Depression as ‘weak-willed’ and leading an ‘immoral lifestyle’. Conclusion: Our findings further inform cultural understandings of these mental illnesses in an often neglected national group. Patterns suggest that both groups may benefit from exposure to corrective information about Depression and Schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Earthquake Early Warning ShakeAlert 2.0: Public Rollout

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1763-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica D. Kohler ◽  
Deborah E. Smith ◽  
Jennifer Andrews ◽  
Angela I. Chung ◽  
Renate Hartog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earthquake Early Warning ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Event Rates

Abstract The ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system is designed to automatically identify and characterize the initiation and rupture evolution of large earthquakes, estimate the intensity of ground shaking that will result, and deliver alerts to people and systems that may experience shaking, prior to the occurrence of shaking at their location. It is configured to issue alerts to locations within the West Coast of the United States. In 2018, ShakeAlert 2.0 went live in a regional public test in the first phase of a general public rollout. The ShakeAlert system is now providing alerts to more than 60 institutional partners in the three states of the western United States where most of the nation’s earthquake risk is concentrated: California, Oregon, and Washington. The ShakeAlert 2.0 product for public alerting is a message containing a polygon enclosing a region predicted to experience modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) threshold levels that depend on the delivery method. Wireless Emergency Alerts are delivered for M 5+ earthquakes with expected shaking of MMI≥IV. For cell phone apps, the thresholds are M 4.5+ and MMI≥III. A polygon format alert is the easiest description for selective rebroadcasting mechanisms (e.g., cell towers) and is a requirement for some mass notification systems such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Integrated Public Alert and Warning System. ShakeAlert 2.0 was tested using historic waveform data consisting of 60 M 3.5+ and 25 M 5.0+ earthquakes, in addition to other anomalous waveforms such as calibration signals. For the historic event test, the average M 5+ false alert and missed event rates for ShakeAlert 2.0 are 8% and 16%. The M 3.5+ false alert and missed event rates are 10% and 36.7%. Real-time performance metrics are also presented to assess how the system behaves in regions that are well-instrumented, sparsely instrumented, and for offshore earthquakes.

scholarly journals Seismic regionalization

1959 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-162
Author(s):  
C. F. Richter
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Los Angeles Basin ◽  
Mountain Areas

abstract In the USSR earthquake risk is now officially mapped by division into areas numbered with the degrees of the Modified Mercalli intensity scale, to show maximum reasonably expectable intensity during future earthquakes on ground of the prevailing character. This paper presents and discusses maps on the same plan for the Los Angeles Basin and its vicinity, for California, and for the United States. The effect of variation of ground from point to point can be shown only on a large scale. This is microregionalization; the map for the Los Angeles Basin is an example. Small-scale regionalization maps require generalization. Prevailing ground is selected, not strictly by percentage of area, but by considering the foundation likely to be used for construction, in mountainous areas mostly small alluvial patches less stable than the surrounding rock. Regionalization and especially microregionalization can be used in construction and planning, as indicating maximum effects to be considered in designing permanent structures. In adjusting insurance rates, and in designing temporary structures, statistical frequency of occurrence is also involved. Over small areas, regionalization depends largely on local variation of ground and geology; over large areas, distance from active faults must be considered. Attention should be given to the effect of structural trends and of wave path on the form of isoseismal curves. Mapping for the Los Angeles Basin area is reasonably definite. That for California is fairly reliable, but less so in desert and mountain areas. That for the United States is in part highly speculative and subject to substantial change.

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