Post-harvest control strategies: Minimizing mycotoxins in the food chain

Recent increases in the prevalence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth mandate that new control strategies be developed to optimize weed control and crop performance. A field study was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Jackson, TN, and in 2013 in Knoxville, TN, to evaluate POST weed management programs applied after harvest (POST-harvest) for prevention of seed production from GR Palmer amaranth and to evaluate herbicide carryover to winter wheat. Treatments were applied POST-harvest to corn stubble, with three applications followed by a PRE herbicide applied at wheat planting. Paraquat alone or mixed withS-metolachlor controlled 91% of existing Palmer amaranth 14 d after treatment but did not control regrowth. Paraquat tank-mixed with a residual herbicide of metribuzin, pyroxasulfone, saflufenacil, flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone plus flumioxazin, or pyroxasulfone plus fluthiacet improved control of regrowth or new emergence compared with paraquat alone. All residual herbicide treatments provided similar GR Palmer amaranth control. Through implementation of POST-harvest herbicide applications, the addition of 1,200 seed m−2or approximately 12 million seed ha−1to the soil seedbank was prevented. Overall, the addition of a residual herbicide provided only 4 to 7% more GR Palmer amaranth control than paraquat alone. Wheat injury was evident (< 10%) in 2012 from the PRE applications, but not in 2013. Wheat grain yield was not adversely affected by any herbicide application.

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Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9020137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 137 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Sofia Agriopoulou ◽

Eygenia Stamatelopoulou ◽

Theodoros Varzakas

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Ergot Alkaloids ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽

Mycotoxin Contamination ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Alternaria Toxins

Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.

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6. Applied ecology

Ecology: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198831013.003.0006 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 94-116

Author(s):

Jaboury Ghazoul

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Pest Control ◽

Food Chain ◽

Renewable Resources ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Fire Regimes ◽

Applied Ecology ◽

Ecological Theories ◽

Cod Fisheries

‘Applied ecology’ looks at the application of ecological theories in modelling renewable resources and population dynamics, particularly in relation to species we wish to control or preserve. The collapse of cod fisheries shows the consequences when the bottom of the food chain (changes in phytoplankton) impacts the top. Changes in climate and fire regimes in America’s forests suggests current models may no longer be sustainable in future. How do species mixes help alleviate pressure from pests or pathogens? Successes in the lab have failed in the field, or not taken into account alternative problems that arise from manipulating the ecosystem. Biological and pest control strategies require a holistic approach.

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Management of Mycotoxin in Post-Harvest Food Chain of Durable Crops

10.7176/fsqm/100-03 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Post Harvest

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Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies

Microbial Drug Resistance ◽

10.2217/ebo.12.361 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 136-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lina Maria Cavaco ◽

Frank Møller Aarestrup

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Control Strategies ◽

And Control

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Outbreaks of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Linked to Sprouted Seeds, Salad, and Leafy Greens: A Systematic Review

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (11) ◽

pp. 1950-1958 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

ERICA KINTZ ◽

LISA BYRNE ◽

CLAIRE JENKINS ◽

NOEL McCARTHY ◽

ROBERTO VIVANCOS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Food Chain ◽

Shiga Toxin ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Food Product ◽

Control Measures ◽

Leafy Greens ◽

Sprouted Seeds ◽

Control Step

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) outbreaks involving ready-to-eat salad products have been described in the scientific literature since 1995. These products typically do not undergo a definitive control step such as cooking to eliminate pathogens. To reduce the number of STEC infections from salad products, efforts will need to focus on preventing and reducing contamination throughout the food chain. We performed a systematic review of STEC outbreaks involving sprouted seeds, salad, or leafy green products to determine whether there were recurrent features, such as availability of microbiological evidence or identification of the contamination event, which may inform future investigations and prevention and control strategies. Thirty-five STEC outbreaks linked to contaminated leafy greens were identified for inclusion. The outbreaks occurred from 1995 to 2018 and ranged from 8 to more than 8,500 cases. Detection of STEC in the food product was rare (4 of 35 outbreaks). For the remaining outbreaks, the determination of leafy greens as the source of the outbreak mainly relied on analytical epidemiology (20 of 35) or descriptive evidence (11 of 35). The traceback investigation in 21 of 32 outbreaks was not able to identify possible routes leading to where the STEC bacteria came from or how the leaves were contaminated. Investigations in eight outbreaks found poor practice during processing that may have contributed to the outbreak, such as insufficient postharvest disinfection of the product. Six outbreak investigations were able to identify the outbreak strain in animal feces near the growing fields; two of these were also able to find it in irrigation water on the farms, providing a likely route of contamination. These results highlight the limitations of relying on microbiological confirmation as a basis to initiate investigations of upstream production to understand the source of contamination. This review also demonstrates the importance of, and difficulties associated with, food-chain traceback studies to inform control measures and future prevention.

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Pathogenic mechanisms and control strategies of Botrytis cinerea causing post-harvest decay in fruits and vegetables

Food Quality and Safety ◽

10.1093/fqsafe/fyy016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 111-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Li Hua ◽

Chen Yong ◽

Zhang Zhanquan ◽

Li Boqiang ◽

Qin Guozheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽

Post Harvest ◽

And Control

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Post-harvest spoilage of Indian blackberry and control strategies

Agricultural Research Journal ◽

10.5958/2395-146x.2021.00105.8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 739-742

Author(s):

Kalpa Oza ◽

B K Jain ◽

Bharat Maitreya

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Post Harvest ◽

And Control

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Key Global Actions for Mycotoxin Management in Wheat and Other Small Grains

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins13100725 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 725

Author(s):

John F. Leslie ◽

Antonio Moretti ◽

Ákos Mesterházy ◽

Maarten Ameye ◽

Kris Audenaert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cultural Practices ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Group Discussion ◽

Nominal Group ◽

Global Level ◽

Epidemiological Models ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Small Grains ◽

Standing Problem ◽

Animal Consumption

Mycotoxins in small grains are a significant and long-standing problem. These contaminants may be produced by members of several fungal genera, including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Interventions that limit contamination can be made both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Many problems and strategies to control them and the toxins they produce are similar regardless of the location at which they are employed, while others are more common in some areas than in others. Increased knowledge of host-plant resistance, better agronomic methods, improved fungicide management, and better storage strategies all have application on a global basis. We summarize the major pre- and post-harvest control strategies currently in use. In the area of pre-harvest, these include resistant host lines, fungicides and their application guided by epidemiological models, and multiple cultural practices. In the area of post-harvest, drying, storage, cleaning and sorting, and some end-product processes were the most important at the global level. We also employed the Nominal Group discussion technique to identify and prioritize potential steps forward and to reduce problems associated with human and animal consumption of these grains. Identifying existing and potentially novel mechanisms to effectively manage mycotoxin problems in these grains is essential to ensure the safety of humans and domesticated animals that consume these grains.

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