FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age

2011 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm G. Munro ◽  
Hilary O.D. Critchley ◽  
Michael S. Broder ◽  
Ian S. Fraser ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Figo Classification

scholarly journals Palm-coein classification of abnormal uterine bleeding and clinicohistopathological correlation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Vimal H. Vasava ◽  
Bhavesh B. Airao ◽  
Milan R. Shingala
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Correct Treatment ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Ovulatory Dysfunction

Background: The aim was to categorize women with AUB as per the PALM-COEIN classification system as this is a step towards cause based diagnosis and focused management of patients. The acronym PALM-COEIN comes from arranging basic categories of the classification system. The PALM group comprises the structural entities, which can be measured visually or by using imaging techniques and histopathology. The COEIN group comprises the non- organic types which cannot be defined by imaging or histopathology.Methods: The study comprised 350 women of reproductive age with AUB for minimum 3 month time span. It describes and observes AUB in amount, interval and frequency for women attending out-patient Gynaecology department of C. U. Shah Medical College and Hospital, Surendranagar (Gujrat) over a period of 1year from November 17 to October 18. They were assessed on the basis of structured history, physical examination, local pelvis examination, investigations, USG findings and endometrial histopathological report. Cause of AUB was determined and treatment was given to the patient as appropriated by categorization done in agreement with the PALM-COEIN classification.Results: The most prevalent cause of AUB was ovulatory dysfunction (n=99, 28.2%). Next common cause was leiomyoma (n=90, 25.7%), followed by endometrial causes (n=52, 14.5%), adenomyosis (n=30, 8.5%) not yet classified (n=32, 9.7%), malignancy and hyperplasia (n=28, 8.1%), polyp (n=9, 2.5%), iatrogenic (n=7, 2.2%) and coagulopathy (n=1, 0.3%).Conclusions: The PALM-COEIN classification helps to practically as certain because of AUB, and there by effectively adopt the correct treatment for AUB patients.

scholarly journals Using PALM-COEIN FIGO Classification for Categorization of Patients with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Foram P. Acharya ◽  
Babulal S. Patel ◽  
Akshay C. Shah ◽  
Shashwat K. Jani
Keyword(s):  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Ovulatory Dysfunction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Hospital Visits ◽  
Reproductive Age Group ◽  
Figo Classification

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common problems of the women of reproductive age group leading to increased number of hospital visits. For describing and categorizing the common problem of abnormal uterine bleeding in these women, an alternative classification system polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not yet classified, known by the acronym PALM-COEIN was developed by FIGO. Methods: This is a retrospective study on 150 patients of abnormal uterine bleeding to categorize them on the basis of PALM-COEIN classification. Patient were grouped under these categories after detailed history, examination, investigations and histopathological reports.

Abnormal uterine bleeding in women of reproductive age and premenopause

2020 ◽  
Vol 8_2020 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Solovyeva A.V. Solovyeva ◽  
Chegus L.A. Chegus ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age

scholarly journals Comparison between Different Diagnostic Strategies in Low-Risk Reproductive Age and Pre-Menopausal Women Presenting Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Chiara Belcaro ◽  
Federica Scrimin ◽  
Alessandro Mangogna ◽  
Emanuele Filippo Galati ◽  
Stefania Biffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Endometrial Biopsy ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Diagnostic Strategies ◽  
Study Results

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common symptom in the female population, with an estimated prevalence of 10 to 30% in fertile age and up to 90% in perimenopausal women. In most cases, AUB is due to a benign cause. However, it can also be a symptom of atypical endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer, a more common disease during menopause which can also affect women in their reproductive age. Considering the high prevalence of this symptom an appropriate diagnostic algorithm is needed. Concerns about the risks, pain, and stress associated with an endometrial biopsy and its impact on the healthcare system make the choice of AUB diagnostic strategy extremely relevant. Even if the scientific community agrees on the definition of AUB, International Guidelines show some differences in the management of women of reproductive age with AUB, especially regarding the age cut-off as an independent indication for endometrial biopsy. This study compared different diagnostic strategies to identify a diagnostic pathway with high sensitivity and specificity but low impact on the health system’s resources. The analysis was based on three diagnostic algorithms defined as part of the guidelines of leading scientific societies. Women of reproductive age with AUB (n = 625) and without risk of endometrial cancer were included in the study. Results showed that the best criterion to investigate AUB in women at low risk of endometrial cancer is not age cut-off but the presence or absence of focal endometrial pathology at the ultrasound and the response to the progestin therapy. This approach makes it possible to perform fewer outpatient hysteroscopic biopsies without excluding positive cases from the examination.

Comprehensive therapy with myoinositol and D-chiroinositol in a 5:1 ratio for abnormal uterine bleeding in overweight and obese women

GYNECOLOGY ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 402-406
Author(s):  
Alina V. Solovyeva ◽  
Ildar F. Fatkullin ◽  
Artur R. Akhmetgaliev ◽  
Elena A. Vinokurova ◽  
Ekaterina Yu. Aleynikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Comprehensive Therapy ◽  
Diet And Exercise

Background. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) occurs in one-third of women of reproductive age and has a significant impact on women's lives, causing anemia, impaired social adaptation and professional activity. AUB-O (ovulatory dysfunction) is often caused by an excessive body mass (BM) and obesity (especially visceral). The most effective option for restoring menstrual cycle (MC) in obese women is BM reduction. There is evidence that the combination of inositols myoinositol (MI) and D-chiroinositol (DCI) has a beneficial effect on BM loss, ovulation frequency and getting pregnant in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Aim. To study the effect of MI and DHI in a 5:1 ratio in combination with diet and exercise on the regulation of MC in overweight and obese women. Materials and methods. The study has been conducted in clinics of Moscow, Kazan and Tyumen for 20202021. It is a descriptive study assessing an efficacy of lifestyle modification (diet and exercise) plus a nutritional support with a combination of 1000 mg MI and 200 mg DCI (ratio 5:1) for 24 months in 353 women of reproductive age with AMK-O and overweight or obesity. Efficacy criteria include: MC regularity, BM index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), levels of serum glucose, free testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone. Results. The study showed a significant shortening of MC to its physiological duration 3112.04 days (vs 4419.51 days at the 1st visit; p=0.001), a decrease in the rate of heavy bloody vaginal discharge by 2.57 times (p=0.001), an increase in the rate of moderate bloody vaginal discharge by 1,62 times (p=0.001), an increase in the proportion of patients with regular MC by 2.69 times (p=0.001). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in BM (-3 kg; p=0.001), a decrease in WC (-2.5 cm; p=0.001). Laboratory tests revealed a decrease in serum glucose (-1.3 mmol/L; p0.05), free testosterone (-0.4 pg/L; p0.05), luteinizing hormone (-0.8 mIU/ml; p0.05), and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (+0.1 mIU/ml; p0.05) levels. Conclusion. The results obtained (a decrease in BM, a decrease in BMI, WC, as well as MC restoration; p0.05) make it possible to recommend Dikirogen containing MI and DCI in a 5:1 ratio as a part of comprehensive therapy for overweight and obese women with AUB-O.

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