Assessment of Draxxin® (tulathromycin) as an inhibitor of in vitro growth of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Theileria equi

We evaluated the growth inhibitory efficacy of the imidazole derivatives, clotrimazole (CLT) and ketoconazole (KC), and the herbicide clodinafop-propargyl (CP), in in vitro cultures of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Clotrimazole was effective in a dose range of 15 to 60 μM (IC50: 11 and 23·5 μM), followed by KC (50 to 100 μM; IC50: 50 and 32 μM) and CP (500 μM; IC50: 265 and 390 μM). In transmission electron microscopy, extensive damage was observed in the cytoplasm of drug-treated parasites. Combinations of CLT/KC, CLT/CP and CLT/KC/CP acted synergistically in both parasites. In contrast, the combination of KC/CP was exclusively effective in B. bovis, but not in B. bigemina.

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Inhibition of the in vitro growth of Babesia bigemina, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi parasites by trifluralin analogues

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.04.002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 593-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marta G. Silva ◽

Donald P. Knowles ◽

Sandra Antunes ◽

Ana Domingos ◽

Maria A. Esteves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Growth ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Theileria Equi ◽

Babesia Caballi

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Trichostatin A, a potential drug for treatment of animal Babesia infections

Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.5564/mjas.v11i2.210 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 24-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T Nyamjargal ◽

N Oshima ◽

X Xuan ◽

I Igarashi ◽

T Munkhjargal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichostatin A ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Babesia Microti ◽

Control Group ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Theileria Equi ◽

Babesia Gibsoni

In the present study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of trichostatin A on the asexual growth of bovine, equine, and canine Babesia parasites in vitro as well as on the in vivo growth of Babesia microti (B.microti) in mice. The growth of Babesia bovis (B.bovis), Babesia bigemina (B.bigemina), Babesia caballi (B.caballi), Theileria equi (T.equi), and Babesia gibsoni (B.gibsoni) species was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by very low concentrations of trichostatin A (IC50 values = 2.6, 2.4, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.3 nM, respectively). Furthermore, in B.microti-infected mice, trichostatin A caused significant higher (P < 0.05) inhibition of the growth of B.microti at the dose of 2 mg/kg body weight than that in the control group. These results indicated the trichostatin A might be a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of babesiosis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.210 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.24-26

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Search for Drugs and Drug Targets against Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia caballi, and Babesia (Theileria) equi

Apicomplexan Parasites ◽

10.1002/9783527633883.ch25 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 469-480

Author(s):

Sabine Bork-Mimm

Keyword(s):

Drug Targets ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Theileria Equi ◽

Babesia Caballi

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Endochin-like quinolone-300 and ELQ-316 inhibit Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi and Theileria equi

10.21203/rs.3.rs-58018/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Suarez ◽

Marta G. Silva ◽

Reginaldo G. Bastos ◽

J. Stone Doggett ◽

Michael K. Riscoe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Host Cells ◽

Bovine Babesiosis ◽

Theileria Equi ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Equine Piroplasmosis ◽

Apicomplexan Parasites ◽

And Control

Abstract Background: The most common apicomplexan parasites causing bovine babesiosis are Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, while B. caballi and Theileria equi are responsible for equine piroplasmosis. Treatment and control of these diseases are usually achieved using potentially toxic chemotherapeutics, such as imidocarb diproprionate, but drug-resistant parasites are emerging, and alternative effective and safer drugs are needed. Endochin-like quinolones (ELQ)-300 and ELQ-316 proved safe and efficacious against related apicomplexans, such as Plasmodium spp., and ELQ-316 was also effective against B. microti, without showing toxicity in mammals.Methods: Inhibitory effects of ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 were assessed on the growth of cultured B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. caballi and T. equi. Percentage of parasitized erythrocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Effect of the ELQ drugs on the viability of actively replicating horse and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was assessed by ELISA. Results: We calculated IC50 ranging from 0.04 to 0.37 nM for ELQ-300, and from 0.002 to 0.1 nM for ELQ-316 at 72 hr among all cultured parasites tested. None of the parasites tested were able to replicate in cultures in the presence of the ELQs-300 and ELQ-316 at IC100, which range from 1.3 to 5.7 nM for ELQ-300 and from 1.0 to 6.0 nM for ELQ-316 at 72 hours. Neither ELQ-300 nor ELQ-316 altered the viability of equine and bovine PBMC at their IC100 in in vitro testing. Conclusions: ELQ-300 and ELQ-316 have a significant inhibitory activity on the main parasites responsible for bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis at doses that are tolerable to host cells. These ELQ drugs may be viable candidates for developing alternative protocols for the treatment of bovine babesiosis and equine piroplasmosis.

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Effects of Methanolic Extract from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) against the In Vitro Multiplication of Several Babesia Species and Theileria equi

Parasitologia ◽

10.3390/parasitologia1040020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 188-196

Author(s):

Mohamed Abdo Rizk ◽

Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed ◽

Ikuo Igarashi

Keyword(s):

Methanolic Extract ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

In Vitro Growth ◽

Theileria Equi ◽

Diminazene Aceturate ◽

Novel Drugs ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Fluorescence Test ◽

Novel Strategy

Anti-piroplasm drugs currently on the market have proven toxicity to the host and parasite resistance. Plants are possible sources of novel drugs. Subsequently, a novel strategy should be used to find new anti-piroplasm agents that are both effective and safe. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) methanolic extract on the in vitro growth of Babesia (B.) bovis, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria (T.) equi. The in vitro inhibitory effectiveness of turmeric was assessed using a fluorescence test. The enhancement in the in vitro inhibitory efficacy of turmeric when administrated in combination with diminazene aceturate (DA) was investigated using in vitro cultures of different piroplasm parasites. Turmeric reduced the in vitro growth of B. bovis, B. divergens, T. equi, and B. caballi with IC50 values of 0.830 0.078, 0.375 0.055, 1.405 0.575, and 0.720 0.090 mg/mL, respectively. An amount of 1 mg/mL turmeric for B. bovis, 0.5 mg/mL turmeric for B. divergens, 1 mg/mL turmeric for T. equi, and 0.5 mg/mL turmeric for B. caballi exhibited 73.43%, 80.065%, 73.47%, and 47.375% inhibitions in the growth of the parasites, respectively. When turmeric was combined with DA, its in vitro inhibitory impact on bovine Babesia and equine Babesia/Theileria parasites was amplified. These findings show that a methanolic extract of turmeric could be a promising medicinal plant for the treatment of babesiosis, especially when administered in conjunction with DA.

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Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Babesia sp. in Persistently Infected Cattle

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8030143 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 143 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. Antonio Alvarez ◽

Carmen Rojas ◽

Julio V. Figueroa

Keyword(s):

Clinical Signs ◽

International Health ◽

Babesia Bovis ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Infected Cattle ◽

Babesia Bigemina ◽

Bovine Babesiosis ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Persistently Infected

Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens are considered by International health authorities (OIE) as the principal species of Babesia that cause bovine babesiosis. Animals that recover from a babesial primo infection may remain as persistent carriers with no clinical signs of disease and can be the source of infection for ticks that are able to acquire Babesia parasites from infected cattle and to transmit Babesia parasites to susceptible cattle. Several procedures that have been developed for parasite detection and diagnosis of this infectious carrier state constitute the basis for this review: A brief description of the direct microscopic detection of Babesia-infected erytrocytes; PCR-based diagnostic assays, which are very sensitive particularly in detecting Babesia in carrier cattle; in-vitro culture methods, used to demonstrate presence of carrier infections of Babesia sp.; animal inoculation, particularly for B. divergens isolation are discussed. Alternatively, persistently infected animals can be tested for specific antibabesial antibodies by using indirect serological assays. Serological procedures are not necessarily consistent in identifying persistently infected animals and have the disadvantage of presenting with cross reactions between antibodies to Babesia sp.

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