scholarly journals Importance of Better Human-Computer Interaction in the Era of Deep Learning: Mammography Computer-Aided Diagnosis as a Use Case

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Nishikawa ◽  
Kyongtae T. Bae
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Computer Interaction

scholarly journals Quantifying the uncertainty of deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis for patient safety

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-226
Author(s):  
Max-Heinrich Laves ◽  
Sontje Ihler ◽  
Tobias Ortmaier ◽  
Lüder A. Kahrs
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Uncertainty Estimation ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Prediction Uncertainty ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

AbstractIn this work, we discuss epistemic uncertainty estimation obtained by Bayesian inference in diagnostic classifiers and show that the prediction uncertainty highly correlates with goodness of prediction. We train the ResNet-18 image classifier on a dataset of 84,484 optical coherence tomography scans showing four different retinal conditions. Dropout is added before every building block of ResNet, creating an approximation to a Bayesian classifier. Monte Carlo sampling is applied with dropout at test time for uncertainty estimation. In Monte Carlo experiments, multiple forward passes are performed to get a distribution of the class labels. The variance and the entropy of the distribution is used as metrics for uncertainty. Our results show strong correlation with ρ = 0.99 between prediction uncertainty and prediction error. Mean uncertainty of incorrectly diagnosed cases was significantly higher than mean uncertainty of correctly diagnosed cases. Modeling of the prediction uncertainty in computer-aided diagnosis with deep learning yields more reliable results and is therefore expected to increase patient safety. This will help to transfer such systems into clinical routine and to increase the acceptance of machine learning in diagnosis from the standpoint of physicians and patients.

scholarly journals The Role and Impact of Deep Learning Methods in Computer-Aided Diagnosis Using Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Xuejiao Pang ◽  
Zijian Zhao ◽  
Ying Weng
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

At present, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning in the medical field has become more extensive and suitable for clinical practice compared with traditional machine learning. The application of traditional machine learning approaches to clinical practice is very challenging because medical data are usually uncharacteristic. However, deep learning methods with self-learning abilities can effectively make use of excellent computing abilities to learn intricate and abstract features. Thus, they are promising for the classification and detection of lesions through gastrointestinal endoscopy using a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on deep learning. This study aimed to address the research development of a CAD system based on deep learning in order to assist doctors in classifying and detecting lesions in the stomach, intestines, and esophagus. It also summarized the limitations of the current methods and finally presented a prospect for future research.

scholarly journals Deep Learning-Based Computer-Aided Diagnosis System for Gastroscopy Image Classification Using Synthetic Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Yun-ji Kim ◽  
Hyun Chin Cho ◽  
Hyun-chong Cho
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Generative Adversarial Networks ◽  
Original Training ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

Gastric cancer has a high mortality rate worldwide, but it can be prevented with early detection through regular gastroscopy. Herein, we propose a deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) system applying data augmentation to help doctors classify gastroscopy images as normal or abnormal. To improve the performance of deep learning, a large amount of training data are required. However, the collection of medical data, owing to their nature, is highly expensive and time consuming. Therefore, data were generated through deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN), and 25 augmentation policies optimized for the CIFAR-10 dataset were implemented through AutoAugment to augment the data. Accordingly, a gastroscopy image was augmented, only high-quality images were selected through an image quality-measurement method, and gastroscopy images were classified as normal or abnormal through the Xception network. We compared the performances of the original training dataset, which did not improve, the dataset generated through the DCGAN, the dataset augmented through the augmentation policies of CIFAR-10, and the dataset combining the two methods. The dataset combining the two methods delivered the best performance in terms of accuracy (0.851) and achieved an improvement of 0.06 over the original training dataset. We confirmed that augmenting data through the DCGAN and CIFAR-10 augmentation policies is most suitable for the classification model for normal and abnormal gastric endoscopy images. The proposed method not only solves the medical-data problem but also improves the accuracy of gastric disease diagnosis.

Convolutional Neural Networks in Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Colorectal Polyps and Cancer: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamyab Keshtkar
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Colorectal Polyps ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

As a relatively high percentage of adenoma polyps are missed, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool based on deep learning can aid the endoscopist in diagnosing colorectal polyps or colorectal cancer in order to decrease polyps missing rate and prevent colorectal cancer mortality. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a deep learning method and has achieved better results in detecting and segmenting specific objects in images in the last decade than conventional models such as regression, support vector machines or artificial neural networks. In recent years, based on the studies in medical imaging criteria, CNN models have acquired promising results in detecting masses and lesions in various body organs, including colorectal polyps. In this review, the structure and architecture of CNN models and how colonoscopy images are processed as input and converted to the output are explained in detail. In most primary studies conducted in the colorectal polyp detection and classification field, the CNN model has been regarded as a black box since the calculations performed at different layers in the model training process have not been clarified precisely. Furthermore, I discuss the differences between the CNN and conventional models, inspect how to train the CNN model for diagnosing colorectal polyps or cancer, and evaluate model performance after the training process.

scholarly journals Trends in Computer-Aided Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Techniques: A Review of Recent Studies on Algorithm Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bosede Iyiade Edwards ◽  
Nosiba Hisham Osman Khougali ◽  
Adrian David Cheok
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Multi Class Classification ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

With recent focus on deep neural network architectures for development of algorithms for computer-aided diagnosis (CAD), we provide a review of studies within the last 3 years (2015-2017) reported in selected top journals and conferences. 29 studies that met our inclusion criteria were reviewed to identify trends in this field and to inform future development. Studies have focused mostly on cancer-related diseases within internal medicine while diseases within gender-/age-focused fields like gynaecology/pediatrics have not received much focus. All reviewed studies employed image datasets, mostly sourced from publicly available databases (55.2%) and few based on data from human subjects (31%) and non-medical datasets (13.8%), while CNN architecture was employed in most (70%) of the studies. Confirmation of the effect of data manipulation on quality of output and adoption of multi-class rather than binary classification also require more focus. Future studies should leverage collaborations with medical experts to aid future with actual clinical testing with reporting based on some generally applicable index to enable comparison. Our next steps on plans for CAD development for osteoarthritis (OA), with plans to consider multi-class classification and comparison across deep learning approaches and unsupervised architectures were also highlighted.

Deep Learning for Computer-aided Diagnosis of Pneumoconiosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Wang ◽  
Qingjun Qian ◽  
Jianfang Zhang ◽  
Caihong Duo ◽  
Wen He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
Chest Radiographs ◽  
Diagnostic Sensitivity ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

Abstract Background: The diagnosis of pneumoconiosis relies primarily on chest radiographs and exhibits significant variability between physicians. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) can improve the accuracy and consistency of these diagnoses. However, CAD based on machine learning requires extensive human intervention and time-consuming training. As such, deep learning has become a popular tool for the development of CAD models. In this study, the clinical applicability of CAD based on deep learning was verified for pneumoconiosis patients.Methods: Chest radiographs were collected from 5424 occupational health examiners who met the inclusion criteria. The data were divided into training, validation, and test sets. The CAD algorithm was then trained and applied to processing of the validation set, while the test set was used to evaluate diagnostic efficacy. Three junior and three senior physicians provided independent diagnoses using images from the test set and a comprehensive diagnosis for comparison with the CAD results. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the proposed CAD system. A McNemar test was used to evaluate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for pneumoconiosis, both before and after the use of CAD. A kappa consistency test was used to evaluate the diagnostic consistency for both the algorithm and the clinicians.Results: ROC results suggested the proposed CAD model achieved high accuracy in the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis, with a kappa value of 0.90. The sensitivity, specificity, and kappa values for the junior doctors increased from 0.86 to 0.98, 0.68 to 0.86, and 0.54 to 0.84, respectively (p<0.05), when CAD was applied. However, metrics for the senior doctors were not significantly different.Conclusion: DL-based CAD can improve the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and consistency of pneumoconiosis diagnoses, particularly for junior physicians.

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