Weight-Control Practices as Potential Confounding Variable

2006 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Ellen Schur
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Confounding Variable ◽  
Potential Confounding Variable

scholarly journals Trajectories of boredom in self-control demanding tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Bieleke ◽  
Leon Barton ◽  
Wanja Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Confounding Variable ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Potential Confounding Variable ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Trait Boredom ◽  
Control Resource

Self-control does not always work effectively. Whether this reflects the depletion of a global self-control resource is subject to an ongoing debate. We turned to boredom as a potential confounding variable to advance this debate. In a high-powered experiment (N = 719), participants worked on a primary (transcription) tasks of varying self-control demands (low, high) and length (2, 4, 8 minutes), followed by a secondary (Stroop) task with low and high self-control demanding trials. In addition to trait boredom, we measured self-control investments (effort), self-control costs (difficulty, tiredness, frustration), and boredom after the primary task and repeatedly during the secondary task. Self-control investments and costs increased with the demand and duration of the primary task; however, without affecting performance in the secondary task. Importantly, participants rated both the primary and the secondary task as boring, and higher boredom at the state and the trait level was associated with lower self-control investments and higher self-control costs. During the secondary task, boredom increased steadily but was generally lower in more self-control demanding trials. Finally, boredom predicted performance in the secondary task. These results show an intricate relationship between self-control and boredom that research on these two constructs should carefully disentangle.

scholarly journals Prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 are associated with the L55M functional polymorphism of Paraoxonase 1

2021 ◽  
pp. 201010582110405
Author(s):  
Mostafa Saadat
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Functional Polymorphism ◽  
Confounding Variable ◽  
Functional Polymorphisms ◽  
Potential Confounding Variable

Introduction Accumulating evidence recommends that infectious diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are often associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Paraoxonase 1 ( PON1, OMIM: 168,820), a member of the paraoxonase gene family, has antioxidant properties. Enzyme activity of paraoxonase depends on a variety of influencing factors such as polymorphisms of PON1, ethnicity, gender, age, and a number of environmental variables. The PON1 has two common functional polymorphisms, namely, Q192R (rs662) and L55M (rs854560). The R192 and M55 alleles are associated with increase and decrease in enzyme activity, respectively. Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the possible association of rs662 and rs854560 polymorphisms with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Methods Data for the prevalence, mortality, and amount of accomplished diagnostic test (per 106 people) on 25 November 2020 from 48 countries were included in the present study. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a potential confounding variable. Results The frequency of M55 was positively correlated with the prevalence (partial r = 0.487, df = 36, p = 0.002) and mortality of COVID-19 (partial r = 0.551, df = 36, p < 0.001), after adjustments for HDI and amount of the accomplished diagnostic test as possible confounders. Conclusions This means that countries with higher M55 frequency have higher prevalence and mortality of COVID-19.

How to Maintain a Healthy Body Weight

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Healthy Body Weight ◽  
Healthy Body

The epidemic of both obesity and type 2 diabetes is due to environmental factors, but the individuals developing the conditions possess a strong genetic predisposition. Observational surveys and intervention studies have shown that excess body fatness is the major environmental cause of type 2 diabetes, and that even a minor weight loss can prevent its development in high-risk subjects. Maintenance of a healthy body weight in susceptible individuals requires 45–60 minutes physical activity daily, a fat-reduced diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, and lean meat and dairy products, and moderate consumption of calorie containing beverages. The use of table values to predict the glycemic index of meals is of little – if any – value, and the role of a low-glycemic index diet for body weight control is controversial. The replacement of starchy carbohydrates with protein from lean meat and lean dairy products enhances satiety, and facilitate weight control. It is possible that dairy calcium also promotes weight loss, although the mechanism of action remains unclear. A weight loss of 5–10% can be induced in almost all obese patients providing treatment is offered by a professional team consisting of a physician and dieticians or nurses trained to focus on weight loss and maintenance. Whereas increasing daily physical activity and regular exercise does not significantly effect the rate of weight loss in the induction phase, it plays an important role in the weight maintenance phase due to an impact on daily energy expenditure and also to a direct enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

Responses to Two Weight-loss Programs Based on Approximating the Diet to the Ideal: Differences Associated with Increased Cereal or Vegetable Consumption

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ortega ◽  
Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Aparicio ◽  
Marín-Arias ◽  
López-Sobaler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Weight Loss Programs ◽  
Spanish Women ◽  
The Ideal

The fight against excess weight and obesity is a health priority. The aim of this study was to analyze the anthropometric changes induced by two weight control programs based on approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal (increasing the consumption of foods with the largest differences between the recommended and observed intakes: cereals and vegetables – for which a minimum of 6 and 3 servings/day are recommended, respectively). The study subjects were 57 Spanish women with a body-mass index (BMI) of 24–35 kg/m², all of whom were randomly assigned to one of two slightly hypocaloric diets for a six-week period: diet V, in which the consumption of greens and vegetables was increased, or diet C, in which the consumption of cereals was increased. Dietetic and anthropometric data were collected at the start of the study and again at two and six weeks. The dietary intervention approximated the subjects’ energy provision from proteins, fats, and carbohydrates to those recommended. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) improved with both diets. Reductions in body weight, BMI, and the amount of body fat (kg) were also achieved with both diets. Weight loss was 1.56 ± 0.93 kg and 1.02 ± 0.55 kg at two weeks with diet C and V respectively, and 2.8 ± 1.4 kg and 2.0 ± 1.3 kg at six weeks (p < 0.05). Approximating the diet to the theoretical ideal by increasing the consumption of vegetables or cereals may therefore be of use in weight control. In terms of weight loss and the improvement of the diet quality (energy profile and HEI), diet C was significantly more effective than diet V.

Overweight Adolescents More Likely to Engage in Risky Weight Control Behaviors

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Boutelle ◽  
D. Neumark-Sztainer ◽  
M. Story ◽  
M. Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Weight Control Behaviors ◽  
Overweight Adolescents
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