Random digraphs with given expected degree sequences: A model for economic networks

Bumdes is a village business unit whose capital comes from village-owned funds . The goal is to float the village potential into an independent village. Thus it takes effort and strategic and appropriate tips to achieve that goal. The first tip is to establish a forum for the development of economic networks in this case is the establishment of BUMDES. Some of the things that can be done are: (i) development of human resources capability so as to provide added value in the management of village economic assets, (ii) integrating rural economic products so as to have good bargaining position in market network, (iii) (iv) strengthening village economic institutions, (v) developing supporting elements such as micro-credit, market information, technological and management support, economic infrastructure and communication networks as well as support for guidance and regulation.

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Transnational Habitus and Sociability in the City: Zimbabwean Migrants’ Experiences in Johannesburg, South Africa

Gender Questions ◽

10.25159/2412-8457/6372 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Khangelani Moyo

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Urban Space ◽

Field Research ◽

The South ◽

Economic Networks ◽

Social Field ◽

Transnational Migrants ◽

Telephone Calls ◽

The City

Drawing on field research and a survey of 150 Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg, this paper explores the dimensions of migrants’ transnational experiences in the urban space. I discuss the use of communication platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook as well as other means such as telephone calls in fostering the embedding of transnational migrants within both the Johannesburg and the Zimbabwean socio-economic environments. I engage this migrant-embedding using Bourdieusian concepts of “transnational habitus” and “transnational social field,” which are migration specific variations of Bourdieu’s original concepts of “habitus” and “social field.” In deploying these Bourdieusian conceptual tools, I observe that the dynamics of South–South migration as observed in the Zimbabwean migrants are different to those in the South–North migration streams and it is important to move away from using the same lens in interpreting different realities. For Johannesburg-based migrants to operate within the socio-economic networks produced in South Africa and in Zimbabwe, they need to actively acquire a transnational habitus. I argue that migrants’ cultivation of networks in Johannesburg is instrumental, purposive, and geared towards achieving specific and immediate goals, and latently leads to the development and sustenance of flexible forms of permanency in the transnational urban space.

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Riflessioni sulle economie dei secoli X e XI

10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0014 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Alessandra Molinari

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Tenth Century ◽

Pottery Production ◽

Economic Networks ◽

Local Exchange ◽

Archaeological Evidence ◽

Social Transformations ◽

New Information ◽

Recent Conference ◽

Modern Economic

Chris Wickham has recently turned his attention to the economic and social transformations of the central Middle Ages. In the same period relations between the Christian and Muslim worlds have been presented primarily in terms of holy war or raids, and hardly ever framed in economic terms. Archaeology can help to answer questions about exchange routes, systems of production and settlement patterns, and pottery provides a key element in reconstructing the complexity of pre-modern economic networks. In this paper I want to compare two case studies. I will first examine the role of Palermo in the internal economy of Sicily and beyond. Recent excavations have provided much new information on the Muslim and Christian periods in its history, and particularly on the city’s planned growth and development as a centre of pottery production and export in the tenth century. I will then turn to the archaeological evidence for Rome, which Chris has described as the most complex city between the tenth and twelfth centuries, both economically and socially, in the whole Italian peninsula. In fact, based on the material evidence, Rome was far less complex than Palermo, and unlike Milan, it failed to take off economically in the thirteenth century. Chris has suggested that the success of the latter city was due to its specialized products, local exchange system and connections with a hierarchy of smaller settlements in the locality. Whilst the archaeological evidence for Milan is much scarcer, these features can usefully be tested as a model against which to compare other cities. Comparing Rome and Palermo it is the Sicilian city that can be said to have had the more vibrant economy, with its exports to multiple rural centres some distance away. Whilst a recent conference has underlined the existence of specialized artisans serving Rome’s elite and its numerous pilgrims, unlike Palermo it did not base its economy on production and mercantile activities.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL SECTION: BORDERS, FRONTIERS, AND BOUNDARIES IN THE MAYA WORLD: CONCEPTS AND THEORY

Ancient Mesoamerica ◽

10.1017/s0956536120000061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 453-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christina Halperin ◽

Carolyn Freiwald ◽

Gyles Iannone

Keyword(s):

Special Section ◽

Economic Networks ◽

Maya Area ◽

Cultural Connections ◽

Over Time

AbstractThe Maya area has long been characterized as a mosaic of polities large and small, with cultural connections, linguistic dialects, ethnicities, and economic networks that shifted, expanded, and contracted over time. In this paper, we examine different ways of constructing boundaries. From physical demarcations in the landscape to habitual practices of interaction and affiliation, the lines that tied and divided were both unstable and multiple. We draw on definitions and theories from anthropology, history, and geography to review the concepts of borders, frontiers, and boundaries and their implications for the Maya area over the long term.

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Wide Angle: Eadweard Muybridge, the Pacific Coast, and Trans-Indigenous Representation

Victorian Literature and Culture ◽

10.1017/s1060150319000597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 55-72

Author(s):

Robert D. Aguirre

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Pacific Coast ◽

Wide Angle ◽

Economic Networks ◽

Temporal Dimension ◽

Indigenous Representation ◽

The Pacific ◽

Important Site

Eadweard Muybridge's Pacific Coast photographs provide an important site for investigating Victorian visual practices of the “wide.” They do not simply expand a referential frame to encompass novel subjects; they also, and more critically, register powerful narratives of temporality and modernity. This essay's analysis of the “wide” as an incipient concept of critical spatiality is not set against the more familiar temporal dimension of the long nineteenth century (a false and ultimately unproductive opposition). Rather, it places these two concerns in some tension with each other, though the argument is less about periodicity than about the representation of timescales in nineteenth-century media. In Muybridge's photographs, thinking about the representational possibilities of width is impossible without also confronting temporality. The Pacific Coast photographs are important both as explorations of timescales and artifacts in an influential nineteenth-century medium and prompts to reconsider the politico-economic networks that were central to the progress of expeditionary photography itself.

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Fast uniform generation of random graphs with given degree sequences

Random Structures and Algorithms ◽

10.1002/rsa.21004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrii Arman ◽

Pu Gao ◽

Nicholas Wormald

Keyword(s):

Random Graphs ◽

Degree Sequences ◽

Uniform Generation

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‘Not dead but sleeping’: Expanding international law to better regulate the diverse effects of ceasefire agreements

Leiden Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/s0922156520000308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 731-743

Author(s):

Marika Sosnowski

Keyword(s):

International Law ◽

Legal Framework ◽

International Humanitarian Law ◽

Development Studies ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

Economic Networks ◽

Citizenship Rights ◽

Geneva Conventions ◽

Governance Institutions ◽

New Research

AbstractCeasefire agreements are legally governed by international humanitarian law because they have generally been considered in relation to how they affect levels of violence. However, new research in the fields of anthropology, security, and development studies suggests that ceasefires can have many more ramifications. These range from their ability to influence governance institutions, property and citizenship rights, economic networks, and security mechanisms. Consequently, this article suggests that a broader legal framework is needed through which to consider ceasefires and their consequences. While canvassing the option of ceasefires being types of contractual documents or as special agreements under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions, the article concludes that the best way to regulate ceasefire agreements is through an expanded version of lex pacificatoria. Rather than being governed by hard international law, such a move would allow for the implementation of more flexible programmatic standards to influence the myriad ways ceasefires are negotiated, the conduct of belligerents, and their diverse effects on the ground during wartime.

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