Unprecedented biodesalination rates–Shortcomings of electrical conductivity measurements in determining salt removal by algae and cyanobacteria

Abstract Starting with the same sample, the electrical conductivities of quartz and coesite have been measured at pressures of 1, 6, and 8.7 GPa, respectively, over a temperature range of 373–1273 K in a multi-anvil high-pressure system. Results indicate that the electrical conductivity in quartz increases with pressure as well as when the phase change from quartz to coesite occurs, while the activation enthalpy decreases with increasing pressure. Activation enthalpies of 0.89, 0.56, and 0.46 eV, were determined at 1, 6, and 8.7 GPa, respectively, giving an activation volume of –0.052 ± 0.006 cm3/mol. FTIR and composition analysis indicate that the electrical conductivities in silica polymorphs is controlled by substitution of silicon by aluminum with hydrogen charge compensation. Comparing with electrical conductivity measurements in stishovite, reported by Yoshino et al. (2014), our results fall within the aluminum and water content extremes measured in stishovite at 12 GPa. The resulting electrical conductivity model is mapped over the magnetotelluric profile obtained through the tectonically stable Northern Australian Craton. Given their relative abundances, these results imply potentially high electrical conductivities in the crust and mantle from contributions of silica polymorphs. The main results of this paper are as follows:The electrical conductivity of silica polymorphs is determined by impedance spectroscopy up to 8.7 GPa.The activation enthalpy decreases with increasing pressure indicating a negative activation volume across the silica polymorphs.The electrical conductivity results are consistent with measurements observed in stishovite at 12 GPa.

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Ti-Rich Nonstoichiometric BaTiO3: I, High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity Measurements

Journal of the American Ceramic Society ◽

10.1111/j.1151-2916.1971.tb12191.x ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 54 (10) ◽

pp. 515-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

S. A. LONG ◽

R. N. BLUMENTHAL

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

High Temperature ◽

Conductivity Measurements

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Structure and Conductivity of Iodine-Doped C60 Thin Films

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-359-443 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 359 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Chen ◽

Haiyan Zhang ◽

Baoqiong Chen ◽

Shaoqi Peng ◽

Ning Ke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Temperature Conductivity ◽

Room Temperature Conductivity ◽

X Ray ◽

Thermally Activated ◽

Order Of Magnitude

ABSTRACTWe report here the results of our study on the properties of iodine-doped C60 thin films by IR and optical absorption, X-ray diffraction, and electrical conductivity measurements. The results show that there is no apparent structural change in the iodine-doped samples at room temperature in comparison with that of the undoped films. However, in the electrical conductivity measurements, an increase of more that one order of magnitude in the room temperature conductivity has been observed in the iodine-doped samples. In addition, while the conductivity of the undoped films shows thermally activated temperature dependence, the conductivity of the iodine-doped films was found to be constant over a fairly wide temperature range (from 20°C to 70°C) exhibiting a metallic feature.

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Synthesis of New Chalcogenide Materials. The Novel One-Dimensional Semiconductor K4 Ti3 S14

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-97-391 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Steven A. Sunshine ◽

Doris Kang ◽

James A. Ibers

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Solid State ◽

Alkali Metal ◽

The Novel ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

One Dimensional ◽

General Utility ◽

Solid State Materials ◽

Chalcogenide Materials

ABSTRACTThe use of A2 Q/Q melts (A - alkali metal, Q - S or Se) for the synthesis of new one-dimensional solid-state materials is found to be of general utility and is illustrated here for the synthesis of K4 Ti3 SI4. Reaction of Ti metal with a K2 S/S melt at 375°C for 50 h affords K4 Ti3 SI4. The structure possesses one-dimensional chains of seven and eightcoordinate Ti atoms with each chain isolated from all others by surrounding K atoms. There are six S-S pairs (dave - 2.069(3) Å) so that the compound is one of TiIV and may be described as K4 [Ti3 (S)2 (S2)6]. Electrical conductivity measurements indicate that this material is a semiconductor.

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Electrical conductivity measurements of aqueous sodium chloride solutions to 600�C and 300 MPa

Journal of Solution Chemistry ◽

10.1007/bf00974100 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 23 (9) ◽

pp. 997-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

Patience C. Ho ◽

Donald A. Palmer ◽

Robert E. Mesmer

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Sodium Chloride ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

Chloride Solutions ◽

Aqueous Sodium ◽

Sodium Chloride Solutions

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Electrical Properties of Donor and Acceptor Doped Gd2Ti2O7

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-369-703 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 369 ◽

Author(s):

Igor Kosacki ◽

Harry L. Tuller

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽

Partial Pressure ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

Donor And Acceptor ◽

Mn Doped

The results of electrical conductivity measurements on Nb, W, and Mn-doped Gd2Ti2O7 are presented. A correlation between electrical conductivity, the oxygen partial pressure and type of dopants has been obtained. The source of the different PO2 dependence for Mn-doped material is discussed.

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Investigation and Modeling of the Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelets-Loaded Doped-Polypyrrole

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13071034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 1034

Author(s):

Oladipo Folorunso ◽

Yskandar Hamam ◽

Rotimi Sadiku ◽

Suprakas Sinha Ray ◽

Neeraj Kumar

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Spherical Shape ◽

Graphene Nanoplatelets ◽

Conductivity Measurements ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽

Energy Storage Applications ◽

Electrical Conductivity Data

In this study, a hybrid of graphene nanoplatelets with a polypyrrole having 20 wt.% loading of carbon-black (HGPPy.CB20%), has been fabricated. The thermal stability, structural changes, morphology, and the electrical conductivity of the hybrids were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and laboratory electrical conductivity device. The morphology of the hybrid shows well dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets on the surface of the PPy.CB20% and the transformation of the gravel-like PPy.CB20% shape to compact spherical shape. Moreover, the hybrid’s electrical conductivity measurements showed percolation threshold at 0.15 wt.% of the graphene nanoplatelets content and the curve is non-linear. The electrical conductivity data were analyzed by comparing different existing models (Weber, Clingerman and Taherian). The results show that Taherian and Clingerman models, which consider the aspect ratio, roundness, wettability, filler electrical conductivity, surface interaction, and volume fractions, closely described the experimental data. From these results, it is evident that Taherian and Clingerman models can be modified for better prediction of the hybrids electrical conductivity measurements. In addition, this study shows that graphene nanoplatelets are essential and have a significant influence on the modification of PPy.CB20% for energy storage applications.

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