Red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) oil: A comprehensive review of extraction technologies, chemical composition, health benefits, molecular mechanisms, and safety

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is an herbal medicine prescribed worldwide that is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Out of ginseng’s various components, ginsenosides are regarded as the major ingredients, exhibiting anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Although recent studies have focused on understanding the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG, compounds that are major anti-inflammatory components, precisely how these can suppress various inflammatory processes has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to identify inhibitory saponins, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the saponins, and to understand the inhibitory mechanisms. To do this, we employed in vitro lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and in vivo inflammatory mouse conditions, such as collagen (type II)-induced arthritis (CIA), EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis. Molecular mechanisms were also verified by real-time PCR, immunoblotting analysis, and reporter gene assays. Out of all the ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rc (G-Rc) showed the highest inhibitory activity against the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[Formula: see text], interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], and interferons (IFNs). Similarly, this compound attenuated inflammatory symptoms in CIA, EtOH/HCl-mediated gastritis, and LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-triggered hepatitis without altering toxicological parameters, and without inducing gastric irritation. These anti-inflammatory effects were accompanied by the suppression of TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-6 production and the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mice with CIA. G-Rc also attenuated the increased levels of luciferase activity by IRF-3 and AP-1 but not NF-[Formula: see text]B. In support of this phenomenon, G-Rc reduced TBK1, IRF-3, and ATF2 phosphorylation in the joint and liver tissues of mice with hepatitis. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that G-Rc may be a major component of KRG with useful anti-inflammatory properties due to its suppression of IRF-3 and AP-1 pathways.

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Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer): History, preparation method, and chemical composition

Journal of Ginseng Research ◽

10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 384-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Sang Myung Lee ◽

Bong-Seok Bae ◽

Hee-Weon Park ◽

Nam-Geun Ahn ◽

Byung-Gu Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Panax Ginseng ◽

Preparation Method ◽

Red Ginseng ◽

Korean Red Ginseng

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Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety ◽

10.1111/1541-4337.12752 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mounir Ouzir ◽

Sara El Bernoussi ◽

Mohamed Tabyaoui ◽

Khalid Taghzouti

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Potential Health ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Almond Oil ◽

Preservation Conditions

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Changes in Chemical Composition of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Extract With Alcohol Extraction

Preventive Nutrition and Food Science ◽

10.3746/jfn.2008.13.3.212 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 212-218

Author(s):

Kwang-Soon Shin ◽

Sung-Hoon Oh ◽

Tae-Young Kim ◽

Brian Yoon ◽

Sung-Sun Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Panax Ginseng ◽

Red Ginseng ◽

Korean Red Ginseng ◽

Alcohol Extraction

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Partial chemical structure and immunomodulating activities of RGAP (Red Ginseng acidic Polysaccharide) from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer)

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-2006-949821 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (11) ◽

Author(s):

JD Park ◽

HJ Shin ◽

YS Kwak ◽

JJ Wee ◽

YB Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Red Ginseng ◽

Korean Red Ginseng ◽

Acidic Polysaccharide ◽

Partial Chemical

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Ginger and Heart Health: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics

Current Molecular Pharmacology ◽

10.2174/1874467213666201209105005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

Author(s):

Sajad Fakhri ◽

Jayanta Kumar Patra ◽

Swagat Kumar Das ◽

Gitishree Das ◽

Mohammad Bagher Majnooni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

National Database ◽

Heart Health ◽

Natural Entities ◽

Cardioprotective Effects

Background: As a major cause of morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are globally increasing. In spite of recent development in the management of cardiovascular complications, CVDs have remained a medical challenge. Numerous conventional drugs are used to play cardioprotective roles; however, they are associated with several side effects. Considering the rich phytochemistry and fewer side effects of herbal medicines, they have gained particular attention to develop novel herbal drugs with cardioprotective potentials. Amongst natural entities, ginger is an extensively used and well-known functional food and condiment, possessing plentiful bioactivities, like antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in several disorders management. Objective: The current review deliberated phytochemical properties as well as the ginger/ginger constituents' biological activities and health benefits in several diseases, with particular attention to cardiovascular complications. Methods: A comprehensive research was conducted using multiple databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, national database (Irandoc and SID), and related articles in terms of the health benefits and cardioprotective effects of ginger/ginger constituents. These data were collected from inception until August 2019. Results: In recent years, several herbal medicines were used to develop new drugs with more potency and also minor side effects. Amongst natural entities, ginger is an extensively used traditional medicine in several diseases. The crude extract, along with related pungent active constituents, is mostly attributed to heart health. The cardioprotective effects of ginger are contributed to its cardiotonic, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemia, and anti-platelet effects. The signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms of ginger regarding its cardioprotective effects are also clarified. Conclusion: This study revealed the biological activities, health benefits, and cardioprotective properties of ginger/ginger constituents along with related mechanisms of action, which gave new insights to show new avenue in the treatment of CVDs.

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