Physicochemical Characteristics, Phenol Content and Fatty Acids of Bitter Almond Oil

In this study, physicochemical properties, thermal analyze, viscosity, phenol content and fatty acid composition were investigated. The plant material used comes from a wild plant growing in the wilaya of Béjaïa (Algeria). Almonds oil is considered functional foods for the presence of polyphenols compounds. The physicochemical parameters of the bitter almond oil were: the acidity values vary from 1.389 to 3.559%, peroxide index 19.538meq of active oxygen/ kg of oil, rancimat test PI=15h, total polyphenols= 0.137mg Gallic acid/mg bitter almond oil. The profile of the viscosity of the oils confirming that oil analyzed was Newtonian in nature. The TG/DTG curves showed bitter almond oil thermally stable consistent with the result of oxidative induction time. The fatty acid composition of bitter almond oil reveals the presence of the following fatty acids: gallic acid; hydrobenzoic acid. Catechic acid, isovanilic acid, vanilic acid, salicylic acid, myricetin, quercetin, anthrone and oxacil acid. Of which gallic acid is the majority. The physicochemical properties of the bitter almond oil indicated that it is promotes use in cosmetics and suggested its suitability for industrial purposes.

Quality Assessment on the Oxidative Stability of Almond Kernels during Extensive Storage Time

The objective of our study is to monitor the oxidative stability of different cultivars of almonds (Australian, American and Iranian) kernels/oil during the 12th month of storage at room temperature. Several physicochemical parameters free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), panisidine value (p-AV), total oxidation value (TOTOX), Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to check the oxidative stability of almond kernel. According to the results, effects of room temperature in the early stages of oxidation, primary oxidation products remained stable, whereas secondary oxidation product levels continued to rise in the later stages. In general, FFA increased with increasing storage time, the range was observed (0.21-0.97 %), PV (1.31-16.23 meqO2/kg), p-AV (2.21-19.35), TOTOX (4.83-15.81), respectively. During storage at room temperature for up to 12th months, there was no significant shifting of the spectral band in the FT-IR study. The most bounteous fatty acid in the almond oil range was observed oleic acid C18:0 (71.01-79.56 %) followed by linoleic acid C18:2 (13.13–20.65 %), palmitic acid C16:0 (4.86-5.67 %), stearic acid C18:0 (1.20-3.81 %), and palmitoleic acid C16:1(0.21-0.47 %) in all three samples during storage. These results suggest that almond oil during the 12th month of storage keeps its good chemical properties.

Production and Analysis of Lip Balm using Herbal Resources

Lip care products are an integral part of a day-to-day lifestyle. These impart the colour and protect the lips from the external environment. The major function of lip balm is to protect and moisturize the lips. A variety of lip care products are available in the market. The main concern with this product is that these contain synthetic colourant and flavouring agents that may have adverse effects such as darkening of lips. Besides, these may contain heavy metals that adversely affect various body organs. The current research work deals with preparation lip balm by using maximum possible natural ingredients and evaluation of the formulation. Various natural ingredients used were beetroot extract, Cocoa powder, Almond oil and Vitamin E. The physicochemical properties such as colour, odour, consistency, spreadability, melting point, pH and stability were studied. It was found that the formulation possesses red colour due to the addition of beetroot pigments, it had a typical flavour of cocoa powder, uniform in consistency and good spreadability. The melting point and pH of formulation were found to be 58-60°C ± 0.62 and 6.9 ± 0.25 respectively. The stability study indicated that formulation is stable at room temperature and refrigeration temperature. It can be concluded that lip balm formulation was successfully prepared by using these natural additives and better alternatives to synthetic excipients.

Emission Pattern of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Blends of Tropical Almond Seed Oil-Based Biodiesel using Artificial Neural Network

Engine pollutants have been a significant source of concern in most countries around the world because they are one of the major contributors to air pollution, which causes cancer, lung disorders, and other severe illnesses. The need to reduce emissions and its consequences has prompted studies into the emission profile of internal combustion engines running on particular fuels. To this end, this study employed the power of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to investigate the impact of injection timing on the emission profile of Compression Ignition Engines fuelled with blends of Tropical Almond Seed Oil based-biodiesel; by conducting a series of experimental tests on the engine rig and using the results to train the ANNs; to predict the emission profile to full scale. Blend percentages, load percentages, and injection timings were used as input variables, and engine emission parameters were used as output variables, to train the network. The results showed that injection timing affect emission output of CI engines fuelled with Tropical Almond Oil based biodiesel; and for the emission pattern to be friendly, injection timing must rather be retarded and not advanced. The results also showed that for different engine emission parameters, there is a strong association between the ANN output results and the actual experimental values; with mean relative error values less than 10%, which fall within the acceptable limits. For emission of CI engines fuelled with Tropical Almond Oil based biodiesel to be friendly in pattern, injection timing must be relatively retarded. The study also concluded that Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a reliable tool for predicting Compression Ignition Engines emission profiles.

Effect Of Surfactant Chain Length On Emulsification Dynamics Of Self Emulsifying Formulation Of Poorly Soluble Drug

Aim: In this work the aim was to study the chain length of surfactant on the self emulsifying system of a poorly soluble drug, aceclofenac. The selection of almond oil as a lipid vehicle was done on basis of solubility and compatibility of the vehicle with the drug. Methods: The effect of varying chain length of different surfactants of Tween series namely Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60 and Tween 80 was evaluated on self emulsifying efficiency by constructing pseudoternary diagrams. PEG-400 was used as co-surfactant in a definite ratio with all the surfactants to minimize their concentration. The best self emulsifying ability was exhibited by Tween 80: PEG-400 combination followed by Tween 60: PEG-400, Tween 40: PEG-400, Tween 20: PEG-400. This observation indicates that as the chain length of Tweens increases their ability to form a good microemulsion increases if same co-surfactant is used. Results: However it has also been found that the presence of unsaturated bond in Tween 80 provides it an elasticity which supports good intermixing of oil and water and leading to formation of a fine microemulsion. Six different formulations were prepared using combination of almond oil, Tween 80, PEG-400 and the drug aceclofenac. Conclusion : The formulations were subjected to various evaluation parameters such as dispersibility, transmittance, pH, globule size, polydispersibility, zeta potential, viscosity, refractive index and in vitro dissolution. The best formulation was found to have globule size of less than 100 nm, zeta potential of -3.35 ± 0.60 mV which indicates formation of a microemulsion of aceclofenac with good stability.

Protective Effect of Prunus Dulcis Against Acetylsalicylic Acid Injury on Gastric Parietal Cells

Background: Acetylsalicylic acid is in common clinical use but has the side effect of causing gastric mucosal erosions and selective injury to parietal cells. Aim: To explore if prior treatment with Prunus dulcis (almond) had a protective effect against acetylsalicylic acid induced injury. Study design: Experimental study. Methodology: Albino mice weighing 30 to 40 grams were given two drops of almond oil without peel and 300 mg of finely ground whole almond kernel by oral gavage for sixty days followed by 400 mg/kg body weight of acetylsalicylic acid orally. Gastric mucosal damage was observed and recorded as ulcer index. The number of parietal cells/ sq. micrometer and area of parietal cells were observed and recorded under microscope in formalin fixed H and E stained sections. Data analyzed by SPSS 22.0v. Results: Mucosal damage, distortion of gastric glands and damage to parietal cells was pronounced in the positive control animals. The number of surviving parietal cells after acetylsalicylic acid insult in animals given almond oil was significantly higher when compared with positive control animals (p<0.001) and even better in animals receiving whole ground almond kernel. The area of parietal cells was also similarly larger in the treated animals. Conclusion: This study concluded Prunus dulcis offers protection against acute gastric mucosal injury and damage to the gastric parietal cells caused by acetylsalicylic acid in mice. Keywords: Prunus Dulcis, Parietal Cells, Gastric Erosions and Acetylsalicylic Acid.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF POLY HERBAL ANTI AGING FACE CREAMS

Herbal cosmetics are defined as beauty products which possess desirable physiological movement like recuperating, smoothing appearance, improving and molding properties due to the natural fixing.. Herbal Cream is a polyherbal plan that comprises of the concentrates of Aloe barbadensis, Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica and Curcuma longa, Cedro oil, Myristica fragrans, Olium rosae (Rose Oil), Orange Oil, Daucus carota, Prunus dulcis and Ocimum sanctum.. Herbs such as aloe vera leaf, turmeric, banana, neem, papaya, cucumber and other plants are used as herbs in cosmetics. In the current exploration article, the polyherbal face cream is ready by utilizing following fixing that is concentrate of Curcuma longa, Solanum lycoperisum, Carica papaya, Daucus carota, rose oil, olive oil, almond oil, refined water. Solanum lycoperisum is utilized as an enemy of oxidant and forestalls the skin maturing.Olive oil moistures the skin, papaya nourishes the skin and curcumin acts as an antimicrobial agent. The skin maturing is essentially brought about by annihilation of collagen layer in skin which can be forestalled by utilizing almond oil. The pre-arranged polyherbal cream was assessed for the pH, spreadability, homogeneity, thickness, extrudability, invitro dissemination examines, color test, expulsion test, skin bothering and antimicrobial investigations. Among every one of the pre-arranged creams F2 and F3 is discovered to be best details as contrast with another. The total percent drug discharge from the pre-arranged polyherbal cream is discovered to be the 93%.