The closer the better: sensory tools and host-association in blood-sucking insects

The paper presents data from the monitoring studies’ results of arbovirus infections transmitted by mosquitoes in the Volgograd region. West Nile virus antigen (WNV) in 9 samples, Tahyna virus in one sample, Batai virus in two samples were detected in the study of 110 samples of field material (blood-sucking mosquitoes) by ELISA test. Antibodies to WNV in 16.58 percent of the samples, to tick-borne encephalitis virus in 1.08 percent, to viruses of the California serogroup and Ukuniemi in 1.09 percent, to the virus Sindbis in 2.17 percent were detected as a result of the study of blood serum samples from donors in the Volgograd region. Thus, we obtained data on the probable presence of the Batai, Sindbis, Ukuniemi and Californian serogroup viruses along with the circulation of WNV on the territory of the Volgograd region.

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Submodules

10.1093/oso/9780198811893.003.0016 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Metcalf ◽

John Reid ◽

Malcolm Cohen

Keyword(s):

Host Association

Modules may be split into separate program units called submodules, which can be in separate files. Module procedures can then be split so that the interface information remains in the module, but the bodies can be placed in the submodules. A change in a submodule cannot alter an interface, and so does not cause the recompilation of program units that use the module. A submodule has access via host association to entities in the module, and may have entities of its own in addition to providing implementations of module procedures.

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Program units and procedures

10.1093/oso/9780198811893.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Metcalf ◽

John Reid ◽

Malcolm Cohen

Keyword(s):

Main Program ◽

Host Association ◽

Complete Program

A description of how a complete program is built from a main program and, optionally, subroutines and functions, some or all of which may be packaged into modules. They may themselves contain internal subroutines and functions. The methods by which information is transmitted between these components via arguments, host association, and use association are described. The concepts of scope and recursion are introduced.

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Widespread Mutations in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Gene of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Populations in Paris

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 407

Author(s):

Mohammad Akhoundi ◽

Dahlia Chebbah ◽

Denis Sereno ◽

Anthony Marteau ◽

Julie Jan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Point ◽

Cimex Lectularius ◽

Single Point Mutation ◽

Homozygous Mutation ◽

Knockdown Resistance ◽

Bed Bugs ◽

Bed Bug ◽

Channel Gene ◽

Blood Sucking ◽

The Status

Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus, are common blood-sucking ectoparasites of humans with a large geographical distribution, worldwide. In France, little is known about the status of bed bugs’ infestation and their resistance to insecticides, particularly, pyrethroids. Here, we aimed to find mutations in the kdr gene, known to be involved in resistance to insecticides. We gathered bed bugs from various infested locations, including 17 private houses, 12 HLM building complex, 29 apartments, 2 EHPAD, and 2 immigrants’ residences. A total of 1211 bed bugs were collected and morphologically identified as C. lectularius. Two fragments of the kdr gene, encompassing codons V419L and L925I, were successfully amplified for 156 specimens. We recorded sense mutation in the first amplified fragment (kdr1) in 89 out of 156 (57%) samples, in which in 61 out of 89 (68.5%) sequences, a change of valine (V) into leucine (L) V419L was observed. Within the second fragment (kdr2), a homozygous mutation was recorded in 73 out of 156 (46.7%) specimens at the codon 925. At this position, 43 out of 73 (58.9%) specimens had a sense mutation leading to the replacement of leucine (L) by isoleucine (I). Among 162 mutant sequences analyzed (89 for the kdr1 fragment and 73 for the kdr2 one), we detected single point mutation in 26.6%, while 73.4% presented the mutation in both kdr1 and kdr2 fragments. All modifications recorded in bed bug populations of Paris are described to be involved in the knockdown resistance (kdr) against pyrethroids.

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NMR-Based Structural Characterization of a Two-Disulfide-Bonded Analogue of the FXIIIa Inhibitor Tridegin: New Insights into Structure–Activity Relationships

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22020880 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 880

Author(s):

Thomas Schmitz ◽

Ajay Abisheck Paul George ◽

Britta Nubbemeyer ◽

Charlotte A. Bäuml ◽

Torsten Steinmetzer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Information ◽

Coagulation Factor ◽

Md Simulations ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Label Free ◽

2D Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Structure Information ◽

Structure Activity Relationships ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Blood Sucking

The saliva of blood-sucking leeches contains a plethora of anticoagulant substances. One of these compounds derived from Haementeria ghilianii, the 66mer three-disulfide-bonded peptide tridegin, specifically inhibits the blood coagulation factor FXIIIa. Tridegin represents a potential tool for antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. We recently synthesized two-disulfide-bonded tridegin variants, which retained their inhibitory potential. For further lead optimization, however, structure information is required. We thus analyzed the structure of a two-disulfide-bonded tridegin isomer by solution 2D NMR spectroscopy in a combinatory approach with subsequent MD simulations. The isomer was studied using two fragments, i.e., the disulfide-bonded N-terminal (Lys1–Cys37) and the flexible C-terminal part (Arg38–Glu66), which allowed for a simplified, label-free NMR-structure elucidation of the 66mer peptide. The structural information was subsequently used in molecular modeling and docking studies to provide insights into the structure–activity relationships. The present study will prospectively support the development of anticoagulant-therapy-relevant compounds targeting FXIIIa.

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Rhodnius heme-binding protein (RHBP) is a heme source for embryonic development in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ◽

10.1016/s0965-1748(01)00163-1 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Glória R.C Braz ◽

Mônica F Moreira ◽

Hatisaburo Masuda ◽

Pedro L Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Embryonic Development ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Rhodnius Prolixus ◽

Heme Binding ◽

Blood Sucking ◽

Heme Binding Protein

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The climbing organ of an insect, Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera; Reduviidœ)

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character ◽

10.1098/rspb.1932.0061 ◽

1932 ◽

Vol 111 (772) ◽

pp. 364-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Ventral Surface ◽

Rhodnius Prolixus ◽

Blood Sucking ◽

New Type

Adhesive or climbing organs are familiar structures in many groups of insects. Most commonly, as in Hymenoptera, Diptera and many Hemiptera, they take the form of empodia or pulvilli between the tarsal claws; in a few Hemiptera they occur at the lower end of the tibia (Weber, 1930), while in many Coleoptera and Orthoptera it is the ventral surface of the tarsal segments themselves which is specially modified (Dewitz, 1884). These structure are generally stated to be absent in the Reduviidæ, but one of us (Gillett, 1932) has recently observed a new type of climbing organ in the blood-sucking reduviid bug, Rhodnius prolixus stål. The object of the present paper is to describe the structure of this organ and to discuss its mode of action.

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