Innate immune response gene expression profiles of N9 microglia are pathogen-type specific

2006 ◽  
Vol 175 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 128-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive S. McKimmie ◽  
Douglas Roy ◽  
Thorsten Forster ◽  
John K. Fazakerley
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Response Gene

scholarly journals Probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis by modulating enterocyte genes that regulate innate immune-mediated inflammation

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (2) ◽  
pp. G132-G141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriston Ganguli ◽  
Di Meng ◽  
Samuli Rautava ◽  
Lei Lu ◽  
W. Allan Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Response Gene ◽  
Immune Response Genes

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an extensive intestinal inflammatory disease of premature infants, is caused, in part, by an excessive inflammatory response to initial bacterial colonization due to the immature expression of innate immune response genes. In a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, supplementation of very low birth weight infants with probiotics significantly reduced the incidence of NEC. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether secreted products of these two clinically effective probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, prevented NEC by accelerating the maturation of intestinal innate immune response genes and whether both strains are required for this effect. After exposure to probiotic conditioned media (PCM), immature human enterocytes, immature human intestinal xenografts, and primary enterocyte cultures of NEC tissue (NEC-IEC) were assayed for an IL-8 and IL-6 response to inflammatory stimuli. The latter two models were also assayed for innate immune response gene expression. In the immature xenograft, PCM exposure significantly attenuated LPS and IL-1β-induced IL-8 and IL-6 expression, decreased TLR2 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA, and increased mRNA levels of specific negative regulators of inflammation, SIGIRR and Tollip. In NEC-IEC, PCM decreased TLR2-dependent IL-8 and IL-6 induction and increased SIGIRR and Tollip expression. The attenuated inflammatory response with PCM was reversed with Tollip siRNA-mediated knockdown. The anti-inflammatory secreted factor is a 5- to 10-kDa molecule resistant to DNase, RNase, protease, heat stress, and acid exposure. B. infantis-conditioned media showed superior anti-inflammatory properties to that of L. acidophilus in immature human enterocytes, suggesting a strain specificity to this effect. We conclude that PCM promotes maturation of innate immune response gene expression, potentially explaining the protective effects of probiotics in clinical NEC.

scholarly journals The hepatic innate immune response is lobe-specific in a murine model endotoxemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanna Nguyen ◽  
Jeryl Sandoval ◽  
Robyn De Dios ◽  
Elesa Yihdego ◽  
Miguel Zarate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Lps Challenge

The liver plays a central role in the innate immune response to endotoxemia. While previous studies have demonstrated lobe-specific transcriptional responses to various insults, whether this is true in response to endotoxemia is unknown. We sought to assess whether there were significant intra- and inter-lobe differences in the murine hepatic innate immune transcriptional response to endotoxemia. Adult male ICR mice were exposed to i.p. LPS (5 mg/kg, 30 min, 60 min, 5 h) and primary ( Tnf, Cxcl1, Nfkbia, Tnfiap3) and secondary ( Il6, Nos2) innate immune response gene expression was assessed in the left medial, right medial, left lateral, and right lateral lobes, and the papillary and caudate processes. The expression of all innate immune response genes increased following i.p. LPS challenge. When tested at the early time points (30 and 60 min), the left medial lobe and caudate process consistently demonstrated the highest induction of gene expression. Most inter-lobe differences were attenuated at later time points (5 h). To improve reproducibility of the study of endotoxemia induced by i.p. LPS challenge, inclusion of appropriate methodological details regarding collection of hepatic tissue should be included when reporting scientific results in published manuscripts.

scholarly journals Early Activation of the Innate Immunity and Specific Cellular Immune Pathways after Vaccination with a Live Intranasal Viral Vaccine and Challenge with Bovine Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Piet Nuijten ◽  
Natalie Cleton ◽  
Jeroen van der Loop ◽  
Birgit Makoschey ◽  
Wilco Pulskens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Virus Strains

Bovine parainfluenza type 3 (BPIV3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) may cause bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in very young calves, and therefore vaccination should induce protection at the youngest age and as quickly as possible. This can be achieved by intranasal vaccination with a vaccine containing live attenuated BRSV and BPIV3 virus strains. The objective of this study was to measure gene expression levels by means of RT-qPCR of proteins involved in the innate and adaptive immune response in the nasopharyngeal mucosae after administration of the above-mentioned vaccine and after challenge with BPIV3. Gene expression profiles were different between (i) vaccinated, (ii) nonvaccinated-challenged, and (iii) vaccinated-challenged animals. In nonvaccinated-challenged animals, expression of genes involved in development of disease symptoms and pathology were increased, however, this was not the case after vaccination. Moreover, gene expression patterns of vaccinated animals reflected induction of the antiviral and innate immune pathways as well as an initial Th1 (cytotoxic) cellular response. After challenge with BPIV3, the vaccinated animals were protected against nasal shedding of the challenge virus and clinical symptoms, and in parallel the expression levels of the investigated genes had returned to values that were found before vaccination. In conclusion, in comparison to the virulent wild-type field isolates, the two virus strains in the vaccine have lost their capacity to evade the immune response, resulting in the induction of an antiviral state followed by a very early activation of innate immune and antiviral responses as well as induction of specific cellular immune pathways, resulting in protection. The exact changes in the genomes of these vaccine strains leading to attenuation have not been identified. These data represent the real-life situation and can serve as a basis for further detailed research. This is the first report describing the effects on immune gene expression profiles in the nasal mucosae induced by intranasal vaccination with a bivalent, live BRSV-BPI3V vaccine formulation in comparison to wild-type infection with a virulent BPI3V strain.

scholarly journals Pathogen Recognition and Activation of the Innate Immune Response in Zebrafish

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel van der Vaart ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Annemarie H. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Innate Immune Effector

The zebrafish has proven itself as an excellent model to study vertebrate innate immunity. It presents us with possibilities forin vivoimaging of host-pathogen interactions which are unparalleled in mammalian model systems. In addition, its suitability for genetic approaches is providing new insights on the mechanisms underlying the innate immune response. Here, we review the pattern recognition receptors that identify invading microbes, as well as the innate immune effector mechanisms that they activate in zebrafish embryos. We compare the current knowledge about these processes in mammalian models and zebrafish and discuss recent studies using zebrafish infection models that have advanced our general understanding of the innate immune system. Furthermore, we use transcriptome analysis of zebrafish infected withE. tarda, S. typhimurium, andM. marinumto visualize the gene expression profiles resulting from these infections. Our data illustrate that the two acute disease-causing pathogens,E. tardaandS. typhimurium, elicit a highly similar proinflammatory gene induction profile, while the chronic disease-causing pathogen,M. marinum, induces a weaker and delayed innate immune response.

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