Liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Effects of supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids as explored by PLS-DA

The dietary essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are predominantly found in fish oil, but fish consumption in the UK is low. Increasing the yield of EPA and DHA in cows’ milk would increase human intakes of EPA and DHA, and this can be achieved by including fish oil in cows’ diets. However, because EPA and DHA are susceptible to rumen biohydrogenation, their transfer efficiency into milk is low.In vitroobservations by Gulatiet al. (1999) suggested that if the concentration of fish oil in the rumen exceeded 1 mg/ml, EPA and DHA were not hydrogenated. The objectives of this study were therefore to determine the relationships between fish oil intake by dairy cows, and the probable concentrations of fish oil in the cows’ rumen, with the yield of EPA and DHA in their milk.

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Mammary Lipogenic Enzyme Activity, trans Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acids Are Altered in Lactating Dairy Cows Fed a Milk Fat–Depressing Diet

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/130.10.2568 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 130 (10) ◽

pp. 2568-2574 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

Liliana S. Piperova ◽

Beverly B. Teter ◽

Israel Bruckental ◽

Joseph Sampugna ◽

Scott E. Mills ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Trans Fatty Acids ◽

Lipogenic Enzyme ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows

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Intestinal flow and digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil, or sunflower oil

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.01.001 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 119 (3-4) ◽

pp. 203-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

J.J. Loor ◽

K. Ueda ◽

A. Ferlay ◽

Y. Chilliard ◽

M. Doreau

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Trans Fatty Acids ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acids

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Dietary manipulation to increase conjugated linoleic acids and other desirable fatty acids in beef: A review

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a03-002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 673-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

P. S. Mir ◽

M. Ivan ◽

M. L. He ◽

B. Pink ◽

E. Okine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽

Feeding Management ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Total Fat

The diet is the source of many essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids for all mammals. These fatty acids either, as altered isomers or as other elongated products, have been found to provide unique advantages to human health. Currently two conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; trans-10, cis-12 C18:2) and two elongated products of linolenic acid [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3)] have been recognized for their roles in maintaining human health. Consumers can obtain these functional fatty acids from beef if the feeding management of beef cattle can be altered to include precursor fatty acids. Diet, breed, and gender are important factors that affect total fat content and/or the fatty acid profile of beef with regard to CLA, EPA, and DHA. Diet provides the precursor fatty acids that are altered and deposited, and breed dictates, the amount of fat that is deposited. These fatty acids can be increased in beef by increasing the forage:concentrate ratio, inclusion of non-fermented forage, and supplementation with various oils or oil seeds. The CLA and vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) concentration in beef was increased by feeding sunflower oil or seeds, linseed, and soybean oil supplemented diets, while cattle fed linseed and fish oil supplemented diets had increased concentrations of EPA and DHA. Although the concentration of these fatty acids can be increased in beef, there is a need to further the understanding of the mechanism by which they exert positive affects on human health. Key words: Cattle, beef, fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid

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Effect of the Nutrient Microenvironment of an Ovarian Follicle on Gap Junction Activity in Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes in Post-Partum Cows

10.26686/wgtn.16993417 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Norma Lorraine Hudson

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Gap Junction ◽

Post Partum ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Ovarian Follicle ◽

Cumulus Cells ◽

Oocyte Quality ◽

Amino Acid Concentrations

<p>For mammalian oocyte maturation it is important for the oocyte to communicate with the surrounding somatic cells in a bidirectional manner. In part, this is achieved through gap junction connections between cumulus cells and the oocyte. These gap junctions permit the transfer of essential metabolites, nucleotides, amino acids and ions from the cumulus cells to the oocyte in order for growth and development to occur. It is hypothesized that one reason for post-partum infertility in dairy cows is poor oocyte quality due to an inappropriate nutrient microenvironment in the developing antral follicle. In turn, this might compromise the nutrient and/or energy delivery by cumulus cells to the oocyte and thus affect oocyte quality. The objectives of this study were to: (1) -develop a reliable in vitro measure of gap junction activity for bovine cumulus–oocyte-complexes (COC) using a fluorescent (calcein) dye technique, and (2)- assess the effects of different amino acid compositions, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations on gap junction activity in COC. The development and validation of the bovine COC gap junction assay was undertaken using a standard commercial medium (M199). Thereafter, media were prepared representing the amino acid concentrations in follicular fluid of both non-lactating and lactating dairy cows as measured in a NZ pastoral situation. These media formed the basis for subsequent measures of COC gap junction activity with differing concentrations of cholesterol and the essential fatty acids- oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. The major findings from this study were that the different amino acid concentrations typical of that in the follicular fluid of the non-lactating and lactating dairy cow and M199 do not significantly affect the gap junction activity in COC. Given that the amino acid compositions in lactating and non-lactating cows were approximately 50% of those in M199; this indicates that the amino acid concentrations within the ovarian follicle are not a critical factor affecting oocyte quality. However, high concentrations of cholesterol or of the essential fatty acids significantly compromised gap junction activity in bovine COC. High concentrations of the fatty acids were identified in a number of lactating dairy cows during the post-partum interval. In times of negative energy balance, which is common in pasture fed NZ dairy cows during the early post-partum interval and lactation, a significant mobilisation of fatty acids occurs. In turn, this is known to result in an increase in lipid concentrations within the ovarian follicle. The results from this study support the hypothesis that the nutrient environment of the ovarian follicle during early lactation is detrimental to the quality and developmental competence of the oocyte and thus may account for post-partum infertility in some animals.</p>

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Effect of the Nutrient Microenvironment of an Ovarian Follicle on Gap Junction Activity in Cumulus-Oocyte Complexes in Post-Partum Cows

10.26686/wgtn.16993417.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Norma Lorraine Hudson

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Gap Junction ◽

Post Partum ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Ovarian Follicle ◽

Cumulus Cells ◽

Oocyte Quality ◽

Amino Acid Concentrations

<p>For mammalian oocyte maturation it is important for the oocyte to communicate with the surrounding somatic cells in a bidirectional manner. In part, this is achieved through gap junction connections between cumulus cells and the oocyte. These gap junctions permit the transfer of essential metabolites, nucleotides, amino acids and ions from the cumulus cells to the oocyte in order for growth and development to occur. It is hypothesized that one reason for post-partum infertility in dairy cows is poor oocyte quality due to an inappropriate nutrient microenvironment in the developing antral follicle. In turn, this might compromise the nutrient and/or energy delivery by cumulus cells to the oocyte and thus affect oocyte quality. The objectives of this study were to: (1) -develop a reliable in vitro measure of gap junction activity for bovine cumulus–oocyte-complexes (COC) using a fluorescent (calcein) dye technique, and (2)- assess the effects of different amino acid compositions, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations on gap junction activity in COC. The development and validation of the bovine COC gap junction assay was undertaken using a standard commercial medium (M199). Thereafter, media were prepared representing the amino acid concentrations in follicular fluid of both non-lactating and lactating dairy cows as measured in a NZ pastoral situation. These media formed the basis for subsequent measures of COC gap junction activity with differing concentrations of cholesterol and the essential fatty acids- oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. The major findings from this study were that the different amino acid concentrations typical of that in the follicular fluid of the non-lactating and lactating dairy cow and M199 do not significantly affect the gap junction activity in COC. Given that the amino acid compositions in lactating and non-lactating cows were approximately 50% of those in M199; this indicates that the amino acid concentrations within the ovarian follicle are not a critical factor affecting oocyte quality. However, high concentrations of cholesterol or of the essential fatty acids significantly compromised gap junction activity in bovine COC. High concentrations of the fatty acids were identified in a number of lactating dairy cows during the post-partum interval. In times of negative energy balance, which is common in pasture fed NZ dairy cows during the early post-partum interval and lactation, a significant mobilisation of fatty acids occurs. In turn, this is known to result in an increase in lipid concentrations within the ovarian follicle. The results from this study support the hypothesis that the nutrient environment of the ovarian follicle during early lactation is detrimental to the quality and developmental competence of the oocyte and thus may account for post-partum infertility in some animals.</p>

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Effects of ruminal administration of soy sauce oil on functional fatty acids in the rumen, blood and milk of dairy cows

Animal Bioscience ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0913 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 66-73

Author(s):

Daiji Konno ◽

Masanobu Takahashi ◽

Ikuo Osaka ◽

Takenori Orihashi ◽

Kiyotaka Sakai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Production Performance ◽

Soy Sauce ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽

Soybean Processing

Objective: Soy sauce oil, a byproduct of whole soybean processing by the soy sauce industry, was evaluated as a source of linoleic acid for dairy cows for the purpose of manipulating the composition of milk.Methods: Eight dairy Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulas were used for ruminal administration of soy sauce oil for a 28-day period using a 4×4 Latin square study design with 4 doses (0, 200, 400, and 600 g soy sauce oil/d).Results: Although dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by soy sauce oil administration, ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and acetate were decreased, specifically at 600 g/d administration. While milk fat percentage was decreased with administration of soy sauce oil, proportions of linoleic, vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acids in the rumen, blood and milk were increased with increasing soy sauce oil dose.Conclusion: These results suggest that soy sauce oil feeding could be useful for improving milk functionality without adverse effects on animal production performance when fed at less than 400 g/d.

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