scholarly journals Enteric viruses, somatic coliphages and Vibrio species in marine bathing and non-bathing waters in Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 110570 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bonadonna ◽  
R. Briancesco ◽  
E. Suffredini ◽  
A. Coccia ◽  
S. Della Libera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Vibrio Species ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Bathing Waters

Optimisation of the ISO-method on enumeration of somatic coliphages (draft ISO 10705-2)

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 205-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Mooijman ◽  
M. Bahar ◽  
N. Contreras ◽  
A. H. Havelaar
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Layer Method ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Agar Layer ◽  
Eu Project ◽  
Single Agar ◽  
Filtration Technique ◽  
The Eu

As part of the EU project “Bacteriophages in Bathing Waters” (January 1996 - June 1999) research was carried out to optimise the method for detection and enumeration of somatic coliphages in water as described in ISO/CD 10705-2 of August 1995. It was concluded that this draft ISO standard needed to be amended in certain aspects. For determining the viable count of the host culture WG5 Escherichia coli, a membrane filtration technique should be used instead of spread plate technique as the latter gives lower and less reproducible results. A freshly prepared inoculum culture of host strain WG5 should be used instead of a frozen inoculum culture as freezing of the inoculum culture is found to negatively influence the phage counts. The double agar layer method (DAL) is preferred to the single agar layer method (SAL) for performing the phage analysis as the DAL method gives higher phage counts than the SAL method.

scholarly journals Somatic coliphages and bacterial indicators of bathing water quality in the beaches of Gipuzkoa, Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús M. Ibarluzea ◽  
Belén Moreno ◽  
Elena Serrano ◽  
Karmele Larburu ◽  
María J. Maiztegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bathing Water ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Viral Indicators ◽  
Bathing Water Quality

Monitoring the quality of the bathing waters of Gipuzkoa (the Basque Country, Spain) makes it possible to assess the suitability of its 15 beaches for bathing throughout each season. In 1998, the parameters E. coli, somatic coliphages (SOMCPH) and F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) were incorporated into the bathing water quality monitoring system. This enabled the study of the link between bacterial and viral indicators as well as the analysis of the ratios between both types of indicators in waters with different levels of pollution. Although bacterial indicators (total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC)) and enterococci showed a strong correlation between them, the correlations between the viral indicators and between the viral and bacterial indicators were weaker, though significant in all cases. The ratio between SOMCPH and E. coli indicates that at low levels of bacterial pollution (E coli <100 MPN/100 ml) SOMCPH outnumber E coli. In contrast, at higher levels of pollution (E coli >100 MPN/100 ml), SOMCPH numbers are lower than those of E-coli. The data reveal the presence of viral indicators in waters classified as suitable for bathing by the European Directive and alert us to their suitability.

scholarly journals Enteroviruses and Bacteriophages in Bathing Waters

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 6838-6844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mocé-Llivina ◽  
Francisco Lucena ◽  
Juan Jofre
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Bathing Waters ◽  
Good Potential

ABSTRACT A new procedure for detecting and counting enteroviruses based on the VIRADEN method applied to 10 liters of seawater was examined. It improved the efficiency of detection by taking into account both the number of positive isolations and numbers found with traditional methods. It was then used to quantify viruses in bathing waters. A number of bacterial indicators and bacteriophages were also tested. Cultivable enteroviruses were detected in 55% of the samples, most of which complied with bacteriological criteria. In contrast, viral genomes were only detected in 20% of the samples by reverse transcription-PCR. Somatic coliphages outnumbered all other indicators. F-specific RNA phages were detected in only 15% of the samples, whereas phages infecting Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were detected in 70% of samples. A numerical relationship between the numbers of enteroviruses and the numbers of enterococci and somatic coliphages was observed. In situ inactivation experiments showed that viruses persisted significantly longer than the bacterial indicators. Only somatic coliphages and bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides persisted longer than the viruses. These results explain the numbers of enteroviruses and indicators in bathing waters attending the numbers usually found in sewage in the area. Somatic coliphages show a very good potential to predict the risk of viruses being present in bathing waters.

scholarly journals Occurrence of adenovirus and other enteric viruses in limited-contact freshwater recreational areas and bathing waters

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aslan ◽  
I. Xagoraraki ◽  
F.J. Simmons ◽  
J.B. Rose ◽  
S. Dorevitch
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Bathing Waters

Bacteriophage Monitoring in Drinking Water: Do They Fulfil the Index or Indicator Function?

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Armon
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Total Coliforms

2,187 drinking water samples from various locations in northern part of Israel were tested for bacteriophages presence/absence. Three major groups of bacteriophages were monitored (as related to bacterial host) : Somatic coliphages (host E.coli CN13), F-specific coliphages (host E.coli F+ amp), and Bacteroides fragilis phages (host B.fragilis HSP40). Simultaneously, monitoring of total coliforms and fecal coliforms has been performed. Correlation between bacteriophage group types and the standard water indicators such as coliforms and fecal coliforms was poor. The poor correlation may be attributed to dilution factor (large distance from the pollution source) and/or disinfection process. Presence frequency of the three bacteriophage groups was : 11.5 % somatic coliphages, 6.46 % F-specific coliphages and 5.48 % B.fragilis phages. Bacteriophages' presence plotted against presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, or both, revealed that F-specific coliphages and B.fragilis phages are closely related, whereas somatic coliphages group is different. Concentrates of several high volume water samples were tested for enteric viruses and B.fragilis phages presence correlation. All the samples were found negative for both parameters, however positive samples have not been detected. It is expected that continuous monitoring of drinking water for enteric viruses and concurrently for bacteriophages, will elucidate the index potential of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages presence in drinking water points to inadequate water treatment or contamination during the supply practice. Using human specific bacteriophages such as B.fragilis phages, will enable us to differentiate between pollution sources that contaminate drinking water. Future studies should be focused on phages presence as related to health risk assessment, similarly to human pathogens (bacteria, viruses and protozoa). Based on the collected data, F-specific and B.fragilis phages indicate towards reliable future index-organisms of drinking water pollution by sewage.

Comparative reductions of bacterial indicators, bacteriophage-infecting enteric bacteria and enteroviruses in wastewater tertiary treatments by lagooning and UV-radiation

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 2223-2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Gomila ◽  
Javier J. Solis ◽  
Zoyla David ◽  
Cristina Ramon ◽  
Jorge Lalucat
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Somatic Coliphages ◽  
Helminth Eggs

A two-year monitoring program of microbiological and physical–chemical parameters at 2 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Mallorca (Spain) was performed in order to (1) evaluate the efficiency of lagooning and UV radiation as tertiary treatment processes; (2) determine the characteristics of wastewater effluent for its potential agricultural reuse; and (3) establish correlations between bacteriological and virological parameters. The presence of currently established bacterial indicators (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia), virological (enteroviruses, somatic coliphages, F-specific coliphages, and phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron), and helminth eggs were tested during this study. Bacterial and viral indicators were removed at least with one log reduction in the lagooning system, and to a lesser extent with UV-radiation treatment. The lagooning system was less efficient in removing phages and viruses than were bacterial indicators, with the exception of F-specific phages. Phages of B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron were less removed than all of the other microbiological parameters. In the UV-radiation treatment, however, the faecal coliforms proved the most sensitive, while clostridial spores, somatic coliphages, Bacteroides phages, and enteric viruses were the more resistant. Helminth eggs were not detected in any samples from effluents of either the secondary or tertiary treatments. Indicator levels in both treatments met the established regulations of both local and national authorities for the disposal or reuse of wastewater in irrigation for non-human crop. We demonstrate that somatic coliphages are effective indicators of enteric viruses in both of the WWTPs studied.

Electron Microscopic Detection and Characterization of Nonhuman Primate Enteric Viruses

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
G. C. Smith ◽  
R. L. Heberling ◽  
S. S. Kalter
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Microscopic Detection

A number of viral agents are recognized as and suspected of causing the clinical condition “gastroenteritis.” In our attempts to establish an animal model for studies of this entity, we have been examining the nonhuman primate to ascertain what viruses may be found in the intestinal tract of “normal” animals as well as animals with diarrhea. Several virus types including coronavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, and picornavirus (Table I) were detected in our colony; however, rotavirus, astrovirus, and calicivirus have not yet been observed. Fecal specimens were prepared for electron microscopy by procedures reported previously.

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