Influence of sulphur crosslink type on the strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber vulcanizates during uniaxial stretching by in situ WAXD using a synchrotron radiation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 1539-1548
Author(s):  
Watcharin Sainumsai ◽  
Krisda Suchiva ◽  
Shigeyuki Toki
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Uniaxial Stretching ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Influence of Crosslink Characteristics Induced by Aromatic-Based Antioxidants on the Swelling and Stress-Strain Behavior of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek M. Madkour ◽  
Rasha A. Azzam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Thermal Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Elastomeric Chains ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract Stress-strain measurements were performed on dry and swollen natural rubber vulcanizates prepared using both sulfur as the crosslinking agent and aromatic-based bound antioxidants acting as a second crosslinking agent. The aromatic-based antioxidants were synthesized and analyzed spectroscopically in order to relate the final behavior of the vulcanizates to the nature of the crosslink characteristics. The anomalous upturn in the modulus values of these networks in response to the imposed stress was shown to persist in the dry as well as the swollen state. Since the swollen elastomeric chains cannot undergo a strain-induced crystallization, the abnormal upturns in the modulus values in an absence of a filler were explained on the basis of the limited extensibility of the short chains of networks prepared using two different crosslinking agents in line with earlier modeling predictions. Remarkably, the swelling experiments revealed the increase in the crosslink density of the networks in the early stages of the thermal oxidative degradation procedure indicating a post-cure of the chemically bound antioxidants to the elastomeric chains, which incidentally corresponds to a maximum in the modulus values of the networks. The rheological and other mechanical properties such as the hardness were shown not to have been affected as a result of the incorporation of the chemically bound antioxidants.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION IN NATURAL RUBBER DURING FATIGUE TESTING: IN SITU WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENTS USING SYNCHROTRON RADIATION

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beurrot-Borgarino ◽  
B. Huneau ◽  
E. Verron ◽  
D. Thiaudière ◽  
C. Mocuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Stretch Ratio ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
Induced Crystallization

ABSTRACT Strain-induced crystallization of carbon black-filled natural rubber is investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) during in situ fatigue tests using synchrotron radiation. Thanks to an original experimental method, we measure the evolution with the number of cycles of: (i) the index of crystallinity, both (ii) size and (iii) orientation of the crystallites, and finally (iv) the lattice parameters. It is shown that when the minimum stretch ratio of the fatigue test is lower than the onset of melting of the crystallites, then the index of crystallinity and the size of the crystallites decrease, whereas they increase when the minimum stretch ratio is higher than the onset of melting. For all the fatigue tests, the misorientation of the crystallites slightly decreases and the lattice parameters remain constant with the number of cycles.

Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber: Effect of Proteins and Phospholipids

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 753-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sureerut Amnuaypornsri ◽  
Jitladda Sakdapipanich ◽  
Shigeyuki Toki ◽  
Benjamin S. Hsiao ◽  
Naoya Ichikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Decomposition Methods ◽  
Uniaxial Deformation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Mechanical Property ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Stress Strain Relation ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Induced Crystallization

Abstract The effects of proteins and phospholipids in natural rubber (NR) on the strain-induced crystallization behavior during uniaxial deformation were studied by in-situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) technique and simultaneous measurements of stress-strain relation. The influences of proteins and phospholipids in NR were evaluated separately by decomposition methods using deproteinization and lipase treatment, respectively. It was found that both components form a naturally occurring network, which is responsible for the strain-induced crystallizability of unvulcanized NR and the corresponding high mechanical property. This network also plays a significant role in strain-induced crystallization of vulcanized natural rubber.

scholarly journals Mechanism of strain-induced crystallization in filled and unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 103529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirilux Poompradub ◽  
Masatoshi Tosaka ◽  
Shinzo Kohjiya ◽  
Yuko Ikeda ◽  
Shigeyuki Toki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates ◽  
Induced Crystallization

A comparison of the abilities of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic polyisoprene cis-1,4 rubber (IR) to crystallize under strain at high strain rates

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 3472-3481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Candau ◽  
Laurent Chazeau ◽  
Jean-Marc Chenal ◽  
Catherine Gauthier ◽  
Etienne Munch
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
High Strain Rates ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
First Time ◽  
Induced Crystallization

In situ WAXS experiments combined with a thermodynamic approach allowed for the first time a comparative study of strain induced crystallization of natural and synthetic rubber at high strain rates.

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