Differential mortality of infectious disease in Italian polities: COVID-19, past plague epidemics, and currently endemic respiratory disease

Abstract Concerns about infectious disease in mega-shelters following hurricanes should be a top priority. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the challenge of implementing standard evacuation and sheltering procedures for hurricanes during an outbreak of a respiratory disease and the lessons learned from the 2020 hurricane season must be applied to future response efforts. In this article, we examine the current risk framing for hurricane preparedness and response utilizing Prospect Theory. We also examine how the COVID-19 pandemic has complicated this traditional framing and offer a new framework for which to provide adequate sheltering following a hurricane, while minimizing the risk of respiratory disease to those seeking shelter. We argue that such a framework is necessary to protect American citizens in future hurricane seasons.

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Cost-effectiveness of emergency preparedness measures in response to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks: a systematic review and econometric analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e045113

Author(s):

Constantine Vardavas ◽

Katerina Nikitara ◽

Konstantinos Zisis ◽

Konstantinos Athanasakis ◽

Revati Phalkey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Cost Saving ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Direct And Indirect Costs ◽

Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽

The Cost

ObjectivesRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks pose a threat for loss of life, economic instability and social disruption. We conducted a systematic review of published econometric analyses to assess the direct and indirect costs of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks that occurred between 2003 and 2019.SettingRespiratory infectious disease outbreaks or public health preparedness measures or interventions responding to respiratory outbreaks in OECD countries (excluding South Korea and Japan) so as to assess studies relevant to the European context. The cost-effectiveness of interventions was assessed through a dominance ranking matrix approach. All cost data were adjusted to the 2017 Euro, with interventions compared with the null. We included data from 17 econometric studies.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDirect and indirect costs for disease and preparedness and/or response or cost-benefit and cost-utility were measured.ResultsOverall, the economic burden of infectious respiratory disease outbreaks was found to be significant to healthcare systems and society. Indirect costs were greater than direct costs mainly due to losses of productivity. With regard to non-pharmaceutical strategies, prehospitalisation screening and the use of protective masks were identified as both an effective strategy and cost-saving. Community contact reduction was effective but had ambiguous results for cost saving. School closure was an effective measure, but not cost-saving in the long term. Targeted antiviral prophylaxis was the most cost-saving and effective pharmaceutical intervention.ConclusionsOur cost analysis results provide evidence to policymakers on the cost-effectiveness of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies which may be applied to mitigate or respond to infectious respiratory disease outbreaks.

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A Review of UK-Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9121403 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1403

Author(s):

Joanne L. Lemon ◽

Michael J. McMenamy

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Management ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Herd Health ◽

Veterinary Medicines ◽

Prophylactic Vaccination ◽

The Uk ◽

Major Pathogens ◽

Scientific Rationale

Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.

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A Review of Registered and Candidate Vaccines for Bovine Respiratory Disease in the UK

10.20944/preprints202108.0082.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Joanne L. Lemon ◽

Michael J. McMenamy

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Disease Management ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽

Herd Health ◽

Veterinary Medicines ◽

Prophylactic Vaccination ◽

The Uk ◽

Major Pathogens ◽

Scientific Rationale

Vaccination is widely regarded as a cornerstone in animal or herd health and infectious disease management. Nineteen vaccines against the major pathogens implicated in bovine respiratory disease are registered for use in the UK by the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). However, despite annual prophylactic vaccination, bovine respiratory disease is still conservatively estimated to cost the UK economy approximately £80 million per annum. This review examines the vaccine types available, discusses the surrounding literature and scientific rationale of the limitations and assesses the potential of novel vaccine technologies.

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Keterlibatan Mahasiswa dan Akademisi dalam Pengabdian Masyarakat Menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19

Dinamisia Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ◽

10.31849/dinamisia.v5i2.5307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 474-480

Author(s):

Seri Hartati ◽

Amir Syamsuadi ◽

Luluk Elvitaria

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Community Service ◽

Special Treatment ◽

The Government

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new version of the coronavirus that was discovered at the end of 2019. Most of the disorders experienced by individuals infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience respiratory disease and most of them recover without requiring special treatment. Indonesia is currently hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. Various policies in prevention efforts have been carried out by the government, which have an impact many aspects of society. In Pekanbaru specially needs a lot of information related to Covid 19. Through Community Service in Simpang Tiga Village, Bukit Raya District, they can provide aid of information or other social aid which is a synergy of students and academics during the Covid 19 Pandemic, of course by following health protocol procedures. The results of this service are expected to assist the government and society as an effort to break the chain of spreading covid-19.

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Get vaccinated when it is your turn and follow the local guidelines

International Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.53730/ijhs.v5n3.2938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Author(s):

I Wayan Suryasa ◽

María Rodríguez-Gámez ◽

Tihnov Koldoris

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Older People ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽

Special Treatment ◽

Infected Person ◽

Medical Conditions ◽

Respiratory Droplets

The nurse has an important role caring for the patient infected with the coronavirus disease (COVID- 19). It is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus can spread from the mouth or nose of an infected person in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette, for example coughing into a flexed elbow, and to stay home and self-isolate until you recover if you feel unwell. Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and will recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and people with underlying medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illnesses. The goal of the research is to propose the best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the disease and how the virus spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by staying at least 1 meter away from others, wearing a well-fitting mask, and washing your hands or using an alcohol-based rub frequently.

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The Covid-19 Pandemic and the ICT Enabled Education: A Boon

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-v2-i3-300 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Krishna Kulin Trivedi

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Online Education ◽

Respiratory Disease ◽

Learning Process ◽

Face Mask ◽

Digital Education ◽

Academic Calendar ◽

Teaching Learning

The whole world fight against the COVID-19 virus a newly discovered virus an infectious disease. It is an infectious respiratory disease. One should protect oneself by covering face with face mask, wash hands frequently with soap for 20 seconds or sanitizer, maintain social and physical distancing and avoid going out if not necessary. The countries of the globe imposed complete lockdown situation to control and stop the spread of number of cases. In this situation to continue with academic calendar and continue with teaching learning process the ICT enable education also known as digital education, online education was a perfect solution to continue with the teaching learning process.

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Tissue section lifting for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100081292 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 86-87

Author(s):

Adrian F. van Dellen

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Tissue Culture ◽

Organ System ◽

Surrounding Tissue ◽

Paraffin Sections ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Specific Determination ◽

High Degree ◽

Accuracy And Repeatability

The morphologic pathologist may require information on the ultrastructure of a non-specific lesion seen under the light microscope before he can make a specific determination. Such lesions, when caused by infectious disease agents, may be sparsely distributed in any organ system. Tissue culture systems, too, may only have widely dispersed foci suitable for ultrastructural study. In these situations, when only a few, small foci in large tissue areas are useful for electron microscopy, it is advantageous to employ a methodology which rapidly selects a single tissue focus that is expected to yield beneficial ultrastructural data from amongst the surrounding tissue. This is in essence what "LIFTING" accomplishes. We have developed LIFTING to a high degree of accuracy and repeatability utilizing the Microlift (Fig 1), and have successfully applied it to tissue culture monolayers, histologic paraffin sections, and tissue blocks with large surface areas that had been initially fixed for either light or electron microscopy.

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