scholarly journals The diverse and complex modes of action of anti-NMDA receptor autoantibodies

2021 ◽  
pp. 108624
Author(s):  
Lonnie P. Wollmuth ◽  
Kelvin Chan ◽  
Laurent Groc
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Complex Modes

Biopesticides with complex modes of action: direct and indirect effects of DiTera® on Meloidogyne incognita

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 835-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth O. Spence ◽  
Edwin E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Plant Defences ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Complex Modes ◽  
Choice Tests

Abstract Bionematicides may exhibit complex modes of action based on: i) direct lethal or sub-lethal effects on the nematode; ii) promotion of plant growth and damage tolerance; and/or iii) influencing the interaction between the plant and the nematode by inducing plant defences. A suite of assays was conducted to characterise the mode of action of the commercial bionematicide DiTera® (Valent Biosciences, Chicago, IL, USA). Agar-based behavioural assays revealed significant chemotactic responses of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita to DiTera with concentrations of 1.0% and 0.1% being repellent and 0.01% being attractive to M. incognita. In addition, exposure to 1.0% DiTera reduced the velocity and increased the meander of nematodes in no-choice tests. These experiments were complemented with soil-based assays. Rhizotron and minirhizotron assays that allowed spatially explicit evaluation of root growth demonstrated root proliferation of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Rutgers in response to localised applications of DiTera. Our results confirm that DiTera can positively affect plant growth and may influence nematode foraging behaviour. However, results of the soil-based assays provided little support for the hypothesis that DiTera has direct or indirect (plant-mediated) effects on M. incognita performance. This is in contrast to some of the published literature, and it may be that the chosen methods were not appropriate to detect these effects.

scholarly journals Selective toxicity of antibacterial agents—still a valid concept or do we miss chances and ignore risks?

Infection ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Dalhoff
Keyword(s):  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Mitochondrial Rna ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Mitochondrial Translation ◽  
Selective Toxicity ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Mitochondrial Rna Polymerase ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Complex Modes

Abstract Background Selective toxicity antibacteribiotics is considered to be due to interactions with targets either being unique to bacteria or being characterized by a dichotomy between pro- and eukaryotic pathways with high affinities of agents to bacterial- rather than eukaryotic targets. However, the theory of selective toxicity oversimplifies the complex modes of action of antibiotics in pro- and eukaryotes. Methods and objective This review summarizes data describing multiple modes of action of antibiotics in eukaryotes. Results Aminoglycosides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, fluoroquinolones, rifampicin, bedaquillin, ß-lactams inhibited mitochondrial translation either due to binding to mitosomes, inhibition of mitochondrial RNA-polymerase-, topoisomerase 2ß-, ATP-synthesis, transporter activities. Oxazolidinones, tetracyclines, vancomycin, ß-lactams, bacitracin, isoniazid, nitroxoline inhibited matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) due to chelation with zinc and calcium, whereas fluoroquinols fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol chelated with these cations, too, but increased MMP activities. MMP-inhibition supported clinical efficacies of ß-lactams and daptomycin in skin-infections, and of macrolides, tetracyclines in respiratory-diseases. Chelation may have contributed to neuroprotection by ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones. Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicol, oxazolidins oxazolidinones, tetracyclines caused read-through of premature stop codons. Several additional targets for antibiotics in human cells have been identified like interaction of fluoroquinolones with DNA damage repair in eukaryotes, or inhibition of mucin overproduction by oxazolidinones. Conclusion The effects of antibiotics on eukaryotes are due to identical mechanisms as their antibacterial activities because of structural and functional homologies of pro- and eukaryotic targets, so that the effects of antibiotics on mammals are integral parts of their overall mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Chemicals with increasingly complex modes of action result in greater variation in sensitivity between earthworm species

2020 ◽  
pp. 115914
Author(s):  
Alex Robinson ◽  
Elma Lahive ◽  
Stephen Short ◽  
Heather Carter ◽  
Darren Sleep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earthworm Species ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Complex Modes

scholarly journals Secretion-Based Modes of Action of Biocontrol Agents with a Focus on Pseudozyma aphidis

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Dhruv Aditya Srivastava ◽  
Raviv Harris ◽  
Gilli Breuer ◽  
Maggie Levy
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Complex Modes ◽  
Pseudozyma Aphidis

Plant pathogens challenge our efforts to maximize crop production due to their ability to rapidly develop resistance to pesticides. Fungal biocontrol agents have become an important alternative to chemical fungicides, due to environmental concerns related to the latter. Here we review the complex modes of action of biocontrol agents in general and epiphytic yeasts belonging to the genus Pseudozyma specifically and P. aphidis in particular. Biocontrol agents act through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms, which are mainly based on their secretions. We discuss the direct modes of action, such as antibiosis, reactive oxygen species-producing, and cell wall-degrading enzyme secretions which can also play a role in mycoparasitism. In addition, we discuss indirect modes of action, such as hyperbiotrophy, induced resistance and growth promotion based on the secretion of effectors and elicitors from the biocontrol agent. Due to their unique characteristics, epiphytic yeasts hold great potential for use as biocontrol agents, which may be more environmentally friendly than conventional pesticides and provide a way to reduce our dependency on fungicides based on increasingly expensive fossil fuels. No less important, the complex mode of action of Pseudozyma-based biocontrol agents can also reduce the frequency of resistance developed by pathogens to these agents.

Media Psychology and Complex Modes of Entertainment Experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Klimmt
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Terror Management Theory ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Media Psychology ◽  
Mixed Emotions ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Complex Modes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Enjoyment

This comment briefly examines the history of entertainment research in media psychology and welcomes the conceptual innovations in the contribution by Oliver and Bartsch (this issue). Theoretical perspectives for improving and expanding the “appreciation” concept in entertainment psychology are outlined. These refer to more systematic links of appreciation to the psychology of mixed emotions, to positive psychology, and to the psychology of death and dying – in particular, to terror management theory. In addition, methodological challenges are discussed that entertainment research faces when appreciation and the experience of “meaning for life” need to be addressed in empirical studies of media enjoyment.

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