Short-term erythrosine B-induced inhibition of the brain regional serotonergic activity suppresses motor activity (exploratory behavior) of young adult mammals

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a ubiquitous class of environmental pollutants with toxic and hepatocellular effects, including accumulation of fat, proliferated smooth endoplasmic recticulum (SER), and concentric membrane arrays (CMAs) (1-3). The CMAs appear to be a membrane storage and degeneration organelle composed of a large number of concentric membrane layers usually surrounding one or more lipid droplets often with internalized membrane fragments (3). The present study documents liver alteration after a short term single dose exposure to PCBs with high chlorine content, and correlates them with reported animal weights and central nervous system (CNS) measures. In the brain PCB congeners were concentrated in particular regions (4) while catecholamine concentrations were decreased (4-6). Urinary levels of homovanillic acid a dopamine metabolite were evaluated (7).Wistar rats were gavaged with corn oil (6 controls), or with a 1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1254 and 1260 in corn oil at 500 or 1000 mg total PCB/kg (6 at each level).

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Morphological Changes in the Brain of Acutely Ill and Weight-Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie ◽

10.1024/1422-4917/a000265 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 7-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Jochen Seitz ◽

Katharina Bühren ◽

Georg G. von Polier ◽

Nicole Heussen ◽

Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anorexia Nervosa ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Time Course ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Short Term ◽

Clinical Prognosis ◽

Qualitative Review ◽

Brain Changes ◽

The Brain

Objective: Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to reduced gray (GM) and white matter (WM) volume in the brain, which however improves again upon restoration of weight. Yet little is known about the extent and clinical correlates of these brain changes, nor do we know much about the time-course and completeness of their recovery. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and a qualitative review of all magnetic resonance imaging studies involving volume analyses of the brain in both acute and recovered AN. Results: We identified structural neuroimaging studies with a total of 214 acute AN patients and 177 weight-recovered AN patients. In acute AN, GM was reduced by 5.6% and WM by 3.8% compared to healthy controls (HC). Short-term weight recovery 2–5 months after admission resulted in restitution of about half of the GM aberrations and almost full WM recovery. After 2–8 years of remission GM and WM were nearly normalized, and differences to HC (GM: –1.0%, WM: –0.7%) were no longer significant, although small residual changes could not be ruled out. In the qualitative review some studies found GM volume loss to be associated with cognitive deficits and clinical prognosis. Conclusions: GM and WM were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal.

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GCT-08. PROTON BEAM RADIOTHERAPY FOR PEDIATRIC AND YOUNG-ADULT PATIENTS WITH INTRACRANIAL GERM CELL TUMOR

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.229 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. iii329-iii329

Author(s):

Minako Sugiyama ◽

Takayuki Hashimoto ◽

Takashi Mori ◽

Kazuya Hara ◽

Yukayo Terashita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Germ Cell ◽

Cell Count ◽

Proton Beam ◽

Adult Patients ◽

Short Term ◽

Intracranial Germ Cell Tumor ◽

X Ray ◽

Proton Beam Radiotherapy

Abstract BACKGROUND To reduce treatment-related adverse events in pediatric and young-adult patients with brain tumors, proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) has recently been performed instead of conventional X-ray radiotherapy. However, whether PBT is as effective as X-ray radiotherapy has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in patients receiving whole-ventricular irradiation. METHODS We report a retrospective observation of 15 patients with intracranial germ cell tumors (GCT), who received PBT at our institution from April 2014 to September 2019. We evaluated their clinical course, short-term adverse events, and prognosis. RESULTS/ CONCLUSION Fifteen patients (9 males and 6 females; median age 13 years) who received PBT following induction chemotherapy were analyzed. Nine patients received 23.4–27.0 GyE of whole-ventricular irradiation due to GCT in the pituitary gland, pineal body, or hypothalamic area. Three patients received 23.4 GyE of whole-brain irradiation: one of them had boost irradiation for basal ganglia. Three patients received 30.6 GyE of craniospinal irradiation (CSI). Six of the 15 patients experienced nausea (grade 2, according to the CTCAE version 4.0). Four patients, including two who received CSI, showed myelosuppression: decrease in white blood cell count, lymphocyte cell count, and neutrophil count (grade 3). No other severe short-term adverse events of >grade 2 was observed in any of the patients. At a median follow-up of 21 months (2-62 months) after irradiation. all patients are alive without recurrence. Our results may be encouraging and further investigations with a larger scale is warranted.

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Expression Analysis of Zinc Transporters in Nervous Tissue Cells Reveals Neuronal and Synaptic Localization of ZIP4

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4511

Author(s):

Chiara A. De Benedictis ◽

Claudia Haffke ◽

Simone Hagmeyer ◽

Ann Katrin Sauer ◽

Andreas M. Grabrucker

Keyword(s):

Brain Function ◽

Zinc Homeostasis ◽

Zinc Transporters ◽

Excitatory Synapses ◽

Short Term ◽

Synaptic Localization ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Rat Astrocyte ◽

Cellular Zinc ◽

The Brain

In the last years, research has shown that zinc ions play an essential role in the physiology of brain function. Zinc acts as a potent neuromodulatory agent and signaling ions, regulating healthy brain development and the function of both neurons and glial cells. Therefore, the concentration of zinc within the brain and its cells is tightly controlled. Zinc transporters are key regulators of (extra-) cellular zinc levels, and deregulation of zinc homeostasis and zinc transporters has been associated with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, to date, the presence of specific family members and their subcellular localization within brain cells have not been investigated in detail. Here, we analyzed the expression of all zinc transporters (ZnTs) and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) in the rat brain. We further used primary rat neurons and rat astrocyte cell lines to differentiate between the expression found in neurons or astrocytes or both. We identified ZIP4 expressed in astrocytes but significantly more so in neurons, a finding that has not been reported previously. In neurons, ZIP4 is localized to synapses and found in a complex with major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory synapses. Synaptic ZIP4 reacts to short-term fluctuations in local zinc levels. We conclude that ZIP4 may have a so-far undescribed functional role at excitatory postsynapses.

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2-arachidonoylglycerol mediates short-term retrograde suppression at cerebellar parallel fiber to Purukinje cell synapses in young adult mice

Neuroscience Research ◽

10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.114 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. S52

Author(s):

Asami Tanimura ◽

Shinya Kawata ◽

Kouichi Hashimoto ◽

Masanobu Kano

Keyword(s):

Young Adult ◽

Parallel Fiber ◽

Short Term ◽

Adult Mice

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Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age, Sex, and Race

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1976.38.3.959 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 959-965 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Larry M. Dean ◽

Frank N. Willis ◽

James M. La Rocco

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

Exploratory Behavior ◽

Behavioral Response ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Personal Space ◽

Male And Female ◽

Black And White

Reactions to the invasion of personal space in terms of age, sex, and race of the invaders were investigated. Children, grouped by sex (male and female), race (black and white), and age (5, 8, and 10 yr. old), invaded the personal space of 192 adults grouped by sex (male and female) and race (black and white). The six types of behavioral responses were: avoidance, aggression, exploratory behavior, facilitative behavior, excess motor activity, and failure to respond. Responses to personal space invasion were not affected by sex. Blacks responded more often than whites but did not differ with regard to any particular type of behavioral response. Age of the invader had a significant effect on type of response given by adults whose personal space was invaded. It was concluded that the age of the invader was much more important than race or sex in determining the response to invasion of personal space.

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