EFFECT OF TAIL-SUSPENSION AND G-LOAD ON ADAPTATION TO A NEW ENVIRONMENT, MOTOR ACTIVITY, EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR AND MONOAMINES TURNOVER IN THE BRAIN OF MICE

Reactions to the invasion of personal space in terms of age, sex, and race of the invaders were investigated. Children, grouped by sex (male and female), race (black and white), and age (5, 8, and 10 yr. old), invaded the personal space of 192 adults grouped by sex (male and female) and race (black and white). The six types of behavioral responses were: avoidance, aggression, exploratory behavior, facilitative behavior, excess motor activity, and failure to respond. Responses to personal space invasion were not affected by sex. Blacks responded more often than whites but did not differ with regard to any particular type of behavioral response. Age of the invader had a significant effect on type of response given by adults whose personal space was invaded. It was concluded that the age of the invader was much more important than race or sex in determining the response to invasion of personal space.

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The Impact of Motor Activity and Inactivity on the Brain

Current Directions in Psychological Science ◽

10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00436.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 203-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Martin T. Woodlee ◽

Timothy Schallert

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

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Increase in transforming growth factor-β in the brain during infection is related to fever, not depression of spontaneous motor activity

Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.037 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 144 (3) ◽

pp. 1133-1140 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. Matsumura ◽

T. Shibakusa ◽

T. Fujikawa ◽

H. Yamada ◽

K. Inoue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Motor Activity ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽

Spontaneous Motor Activity ◽

The Brain

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ANALYSIS OF SOME NEUROTRANSMITTER MECHANISMS OF THE BRAIN NIGRO-STRIATAL SYSTEM IN REGULATION OF MOTOR ACTIVITY

Abstracts ◽

10.1016/b978-0-08-023768-8.51661-3 ◽

1978 ◽

pp. 640

Author(s):

A.I. Balakleevsky ◽

N.P. Bobrova ◽

A.K. Dastchinsky ◽

I.V. Maslova ◽

A.I. Khomenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

The Brain ◽

Striatal System

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Animal models in the neurotoxicology of 2,4-D

Human & Experimental Toxicology ◽

10.1177/0960327119860172 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 1178-1182 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

LM Freitas ◽

LP de Assis Valadares ◽

MGM Camozzi ◽

PG de Oliveira ◽

MR Ferreira Machado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Animal Models ◽

Motor Activity ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Brain Area ◽

Behavioral Effect ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Locomotor Patterns ◽

Chicken Eggs ◽

The Brain

2,4-D is a selective pre- and postemergence herbicide used for several crops. It is hazardous for the environment and risk for humans; therefore, several studies attempt to evaluate its effects and consequences of its use. The nervous system is supposedly a target for this herbicide, and this comprehensive review gathers the information about animal models that have been used for the study of the neurotoxicity of 2,4-D. The studies used several methods to evaluate the neurotoxicity of this herbicide, most of which used rodents, mainly rats, two used fish, and one used chicken eggs. The main behavioral effect observed concerned alterations in locomotor patterns and reduced motor activity. Biochemical analysis showed decreased levels of serotonin (5-HT) and increased levels of its metabolites and increased or decreased levels of DA and its metabolites depending on the brain area analyzed. Hypomyelination is also a possible effect of 2,4-D when the exposure occurs during the proliferation and development of the oligodendrocytes. The worst neuropathologic effects were observed in fish. Since most studies focused on the neurotoxicity of 2,4-D in rodents, the effect it may have on other species and groups of animals, especially with different physiology, is unclear and it should be researched.

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