Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age, Sex, and Race

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry M. Dean ◽  
Frank N. Willis ◽  
James M. La Rocco
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White

Reactions to the invasion of personal space in terms of age, sex, and race of the invaders were investigated. Children, grouped by sex (male and female), race (black and white), and age (5, 8, and 10 yr. old), invaded the personal space of 192 adults grouped by sex (male and female) and race (black and white). The six types of behavioral responses were: avoidance, aggression, exploratory behavior, facilitative behavior, excess motor activity, and failure to respond. Responses to personal space invasion were not affected by sex. Blacks responded more often than whites but did not differ with regard to any particular type of behavioral response. Age of the invader had a significant effect on type of response given by adults whose personal space was invaded. It was concluded that the age of the invader was much more important than race or sex in determining the response to invasion of personal space.

Using Notches to Uncover Optimization Frictions and Structural Elasticities: Theory and Evidence from Pakistan *

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 669-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik J. Kleven ◽  
Mazhar Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Data ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Tax Incentives ◽  
Missing Mass ◽  
Zero Mass ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Price Distortions

Abstract We develop a framework for nonparametrically identifying optimization frictions and structural elasticities using notches—discontinuities in the choice sets of agents—introduced by tax and transfer policies. Notches create excess bunching on the low-tax side and missing mass on the high-tax side of a cutoff, and they are often associated with a region of strictly dominated choice that would have zero mass in a frictionless world. By combining excess bunching (observed response attenuated by frictions) with missing mass in the dominated region (frictions), it is possible to uncover the structural elasticity that would govern behavior in the absence of frictions and arguably capture long-run behavior. We apply our framework to tax notches in Pakistan using rich administrative data. While observed bunching is large and sharp, optimization frictions are also very large as the majority of taxpayers in dominated ranges are unresponsive to tax incentives. The combination of large observed bunching and large frictions implies that the frictionless behavioral response to notches is extremely large, but the underlying structural elasticity driving this response is nevertheless modest. This highlights the inefficiency of notches: by creating extremely strong price distortions, they induce large behavioral responses even when structural elasticities are small.

scholarly journals Behavioral responses to physical vs. social novelty in male and female laboratory rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia A. Cavigelli ◽  
Kerry C. Michael ◽  
Sheila G. West ◽  
Laura Cousino Klein
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Female Laboratory

Acute effects of ethanol on behavioral responses of male and female zebrafish in the open field test with the influence of a non-familiar object

2021 ◽  
pp. 104474
Author(s):  
Thiele P. Souza ◽  
Francini Franscescon ◽  
Flavia V. Stefanello ◽  
Talise E. Müller ◽  
Laura W. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Familiar Object ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Zebrafish

scholarly journals Psychological Distress, Early Behavioral Response, and Perception Toward the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Health Care Workers in North Shoa Zone, Oromiya Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Jemal ◽  
Berhanu Senbeta Deriba ◽  
Tinsae Abeya Geleta
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Event Scale ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Medical Laboratory Professionals

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant psychological impact on health care workers (HCWs). Therefore, this study inspects the mental health status, behavioral response, and perception among HCWs (nurses, physicians, and medical laboratory workers) during the COVID-19 pandemic in public health care facilities.Methods: A facilities-based cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2020. A simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected by self-report administered questionnaires using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) for insomnia, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) for psychological distress, Perceived Threat Scale for perception, and Behavioral Response Inquiry for the behavioral response. Moreover, bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the association between dependent and independent variables at p-value <0.05.Results: A total of 417 (98.6%) HCWs responded to a self-administered questionnaire. The proportion of HCWs who had moderate to severe symptoms of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia during the COVID-19 pandemic were 58, 16.3, 30.7, and 15.9%, respectively. Three-fifth of the nurses, medical laboratory professionals (62.2%), and physicians (59.2%) had reported good behavioral responses toward the COVID-19 pandemic. More than three-fifths of the nurses had reported poor perception toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Conversely, 61.2% of physicians and three-fourths (75.5%) of medical laboratory professionals had reported good perception toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Female and married participants, those working in the emergency unit, those with poor behavioral responses, and those with poor perception toward the COVID-19 pandemic were significantly associated with symptoms of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia.Conclusions: Psychological impacts among physicians, nurses, and medical laboratory professionals are high during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health should aim to protect all HCWs' psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic with appropriate interventions and accurate information response.

scholarly journals Testing the habituation assumption underlying models of parasitoid foraging behavior

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Abram ◽  
Antonino Cusumano ◽  
Katrina Abram ◽  
Stefano Colazza ◽  
Ezio Peri
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behavior ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Training Interval

BackgroundHabituation, a form of non-associative learning, has several well-defined characteristics that apply to a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses in many organisms. In classic patch time allocation models, habituation is considered to be a major mechanistic component of parasitoid behavioral strategies. However, parasitoid behavioral responses to host cues have not previously been tested for the known, specific characteristics of habituation.MethodsIn the laboratory, we tested whether the foraging behavior of the egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalisshows specific characteristics of habituation in response to consecutive encounters with patches of host (Nezara viridula) chemical contact cues (footprints), in particular: (i) a training interval-dependent decline in response intensity, and (ii) a training interval-dependent recovery of the response.ResultsAs would be expected of a habituated response, wasps trained at higher frequencies decreased their behavioral response to host footprints more quickly and to a greater degree than those trained at low frequencies, and subsequently showed a more rapid, although partial, recovery of their behavioral response to host footprints. This putative habituation learning could not be blocked by cold anesthesia, ingestion of an ATPase inhibitor, or ingestion of a protein synthesis inhibitor.DiscussionOur study provides support for the assumption that diminishing responses of parasitoids to chemical indicators of host presence constitutes habituation as opposed to sensory fatigue, and provides a preliminary basis for exploring the underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Towards establishing biographical and business background profiles of entrepreneurs from two ethnic and gender groups

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Schutte ◽  
A. B. Boshoff ◽  
H. F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Entrepreneurs ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

The literature on the biographical backgrounds of entrepreneurs seems to contain many contradictory findings. This situation can partly be due to the assumption that samples of entrepreneurs were homogeneous rather than heterogeneous. It appears as if female entrepreneurs have been less well researched than their male counterparts. Differences in the biographical backgrounds and business situation of, respectively, the white and the black entrepreneurs in South Africa have been assumed but little empirical evidence exists in this respect. Black en-trepreneurs, and female entrepreneurs are in most developed societies' minority groups and have not specifically been studied in depth - hence the present study. The biographical and business backgrounds of 569 South African entrepreneurs (106 Black and 463 White; 136 female and 433 male) were studied. One-way Analyses of Variance and Chi-squared followed by Discriminant analyses were carried out to determine whether, respectively, black and white entrepreneurs and male and female entrepreneurs differed in terms of the variables studied. Significant differences between the total group of male and female subjects were found on only five variables. White and black entrepreneurs differed statistically significantly on 16 of the 30 variables studied. Opsomming Die literatuur oor die biografiese agtergronde van entrepreneurs skyn baie teenstrydige bevindinge te bevat. Hierdie kan moontlik deels toegeskryf word aan die aanname dat steekproewe van entrepreneurs eerder homogeen eerder as heterogeen is. Dit skyn asof minder navorsing oor vroulike as oor manlike entrepreneurs gedoen is. Ten spyte van aannames in die verband, bestaan min empiriese gegewens oor die biografiese agtergronde en sake-situasie van respektiewelik wit en swart Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs. Swart en vroulike entrepreneurs is in meeste gemeenskappe minderheidsgroepe en is nog nie in diepte bestudeer nie, daarom die huidige studie. Die biografiese en sake-agtergronde van 569 Suid-Afrikaanse entrepreneurs (106 swart en 463 wit; 136 vroulik en 433 manlik) is bestudeer. Een-rigting Analise van Variansie en Chi-kwadraat gevolg deur Diskriminant Analise is uitgevoer ten einde te bepaal of respektiewelik swart en wit en manlike van vroulike entrepreneurs in terme van die veranderlikes wat bestudeer is, verskil. Betekenisvolle verskille tussen die totale groep van manlike en vroulike entrepreneurs is slegs in terme van vyf veranderlikes gevind. Swart en wit entrepreneurs het statistics beduidend op 16 van die 30 veranderlikes in die studie ingesluit, verskil.

Writers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Eagles
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
White Male ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
History Textbook ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Mississippi History ◽  
Tougaloo College

Jim Loewen, a sociologist, and Charles Sallis, a historian, assembled a diverse team of colleagues and students to produce a revisionist ninth-grade Mississippi history textbook. In addition to several disciplines, the group included black and white, male and female, northern and southerner. They drew on earlier tentative interracial contacts led by Ernst Borinski between the black Tougaloo College and the nearby white Millsaps College, both in Jackson, Mississippi. Loewen had published a book on the Mississippi Chinese, and Sallis had written about Mississippi politics in the late nineteenth century.

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