The labour market and income distribution in post-socialist economies — Non-obvious regularities

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Tomkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eu New Member States

The goal of this paper is to analyse the major processes which took place on the labour market of post-socialist economies and to check what the outcomes of thee mechanisms used for income distribution. Few findings are especially interesting because of its counterintuitive character. First, there is a “strange” relation between the depth of recession and scale of rise in unemployment. Countries which suffered from quite moderate fall in GDP experienced high level of unemployment, while the economies which noticed substantial recession were able to sustain very limited unemployment rate. One can also expect that economy which suffered from sharp rise in unemployment should be the one in which income inequalities deteriorate in the biggest extend. Again, this is not what has happened in post-socialist countries. Economies like Russia or Ukraine which noticed quite limited rise in unemployment rates, experienced the highest deterioration in the income inequalities indicators. Finally, closer look at labour markets of EU New Member states shows that social cohesion in these countries is a much bigger problem than it appears from simple Gini coefficients.

Overeducation, persistence and unemployment in Spanish labour market

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Adolfo Cosme Fernández Puente
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
The One ◽  
Term Labour

PurposeThe phenomenon of overeducation and the magnitude and persistence of the imbalance impact are analysed for the Spanish labour market from 2006 to 2013.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present random-effects probit estimations comparing individuals and their short-term and long-term labour mismatches.FindingsThe results support the existence of long-term persistence (status in the previous year) and short-term persistence (status at the beginning of the observed period) in overeducation. Precariousness in the labour market, measured by temporality or by the strong destruction of employment, could force individuals to choose a job below their qualification. Additionally, the phenomenon of overeducation is shown to have increased in the period 2010–2013 in relation to the period 2006–2009 independently of the region considered, though those regions with higher unemployment rates display greater imbalances.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the results come from two different samples, it is possible to conclude that overeducation is a phenomenon that tends to perpetuate over time in Spain.Practical implicationsOne of the issues of greatest interest that is crucial to assess the relevance of the spreading of overeducation is whether overeducation can be considered as a temporal mismatch, in which case the seriousness of the problem would not be so important, or, on the contrary, as a persistent one, in which case, governments should take it into account in their education reform programmes.Originality/valueOvereducation persistence has been studied in countries such as the United States, Canada, Switzerland or Germany; however, in Spain, there are hardly any studies. Spanish labour market has certain specificities that make the analyses relevant: the high unemployment rates and high elasticity of employment with respect to the economic cycles. Under these circumstances, workers could opt for more stable positions that require a lower qualification than the one they have. This option could be even more convenient during crisis. Additionally, the article includes a disaggregated analysis by Spanish regions. The differences in the unemployment rates within and between regions are significant (some of them had at the beginning of the crisis an unemployment rate close to 7%, while in others it exceeded 12%) which allows the authors to study the phenomenon in different contexts.

Income Inequalities under Economic Restructuring in Hong Kong

Asian Survey ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 442-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Xiaobin ◽  
Zhang Li ◽  
Sit Tak O Kelvin
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
High Level

Hong Kong's income inequalities have long been situated at a relatively high level by international standards. This paper investigates the factors that have contributed to this prolonged phenomenon. We argue that in the absence of appropriate government actions, economic progress in a laissez-faire capitalist system cannot necessarily equalize income distribution.

scholarly journals Women’s participation in the Brazilian labour market in the context of economic growth with income distribution (2004-2013)

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-447
Author(s):  
Leone Troncoso
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
High Level

Between 2004 and 2013, Brazilian economy experienced economic growth with improvement in income distribution. In this context, the reduction of the participation of young people continued and it was accompanied by lower participation of adult men and deceleration in increase of adult women?s participation. The good performance of the labour market increased the income of households in which women participated in economic activity. Despite the improvement, in 2013, the number of households with low socioeconomic status in which adult women faced difficulties to participate in economic activity remained significant. Thus, the deceleration in the increase in adult women participation rate occurred in the presence of a significant number of women from low income and low participation rates, while in households with higher income levels the participation rate of adult women reached a very high level.

scholarly journals INEQUALITIES AND THE BRAZILIAN NEW DEMOCRACY: INCOME DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN CLASSES IN RECENT DECADES

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Salata
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Brazilian Society ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Democracy

Abstract A high level of income inequality has marked Brazilian society for many decades. In the period of transition to democracy, still in the 1980s, there was the expectation that the new regime would be able to solve some of the countrys major problems, one of the most important being inequality. This article aims to verify whether there was a reduction of income inequalities between classes in Brazil between 1995 and 2013, when two of the largest and most important political parties operating in the country, the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and Workers Party (PT), headed the federal government. To this end, National Household Sample (PNAD-IBGE) data will be used for the period under study.

The flexibility of flexicurity: The Danish model reconsidered

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Strøby Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Active Labour Market Policy ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers ◽  
High Range

During the last five to ten years, much attention internationally has been focused on the concept of flexicurity, and especially on the Danish model of flexicurity. Some have even talked about the Danish ‘magic formula’ of flexicurity. The Danish flexicurity model has been characterized by a special relation between flexibility, social security and active labour market policy, where a high level of social security is seen as a precondition for a labour market characterized by flexibility. In this article it is argued that the Danish labour market is characterized by having not just one model of flexicurity, but two. These two models cover different parts of the labour market and different segments of employees. The first model (the blue-collar flexicurity model) – the one that is often focused on in the literature – covers primarily skilled and unskilled workers on the labour market. The second model (the white-collar flexicurity model) – one seldom mentioned in the literature – covers primarily employees with middle-range or high-range education and qualifications.

scholarly journals Flexicurity og de danske arbejdsmarkedsrelationer – en eller to modeller?

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Carsten Strøby Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Active Labour Market Policy ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rela Tions

Danmark har de senere år været genstand for en betydelig international opmærksomhed knyttet til forhold på det danske arbejdsmarked. Dette har ikke mindst været tilfældet i lyset af den såkaldte flexicuritymodel. Karakteristisk ved flexicuritymodellen er den – i hvert fald i teorien – særlige relation mellem fleksibilitet, social sikkerhed og aktiv arbejdsmarkedspolitik, hvor social sikkerhed og aktiv arbejdsmarkedspolitik ses som tilvejebringende forudsætninger for et arbejdsmarked præget af en høj grad af fleksibilitet. I artiklen analyseres forholdet mellem fleksibilitet og sikkerhed på det danske arbejdsmarked med udgangspunkt i forskellige segmenter af lønmodtagere på arbejdsmarkedet. Artiklens hovedkonklusion er, at der ikke er én, men to forskellige flexicuritymodeller på det danske arbejdsmarkedet. Og at den ”klassiske” – og efterhånden internationalt berømte – danske flexicuritymodel, hvor det på den ene side er let at fyre medarbejdere (hvilket giver høj fleksibilitet), og hvor der på den anden side gives høj kompensation i forbindelse med arbejdsløshed (hvilket giver høj sikkerhed), kun dækker en del af arbejdsstyrken i Danmark. Fleksibiliteten på arbejdsmarkedet – i form af adgang til at fyre medarbejdere – er ikke så høj som det almindeligt antages på alle dele af arbejdsmarkedet, ligesom sikkerheden – i form af kompensation i forbindelse med arbejdsløshed – ikke så høj som det tilsvarende almindeligvis antages i flexicuritylitteraturen. Søgeord: Flexicurity, arbejdsmarked, arbejdsmarkedsrelationer, industrial relations. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Carsten Strøby Jensen: Flexicurity and Employment Rela-tions in Denmark – One or Two Models of Flexicurity In recent years the development of the Danish labour market have been subject of major international attention. This attention has focussed on the so-called flexicurity model that dominates the Danish labour market. Flexicurity has been characterized – at least in theory – by the special relation between flexibility, social security and active labour market policy, where a high level of social security is seen as a precondition for a labour market characterized by flexibility. In this article we will argue that it is possible to identify two different types of institutionalized relations between flexibility and security on the Danish labour market. There is not one model of flexicurity in Denmark, but rather two models that tend to cover different parts of the labour market and different segments of employees. The first model of flexicurity – the one that is often focused on in the literature – covers primarily skilled and unskilled workers on the Danish labour market. The second model of flexicurity – one seldom mentioned in the literature – covers primarily employees with middle-level or high-level education and qualifications. Key words: Industrial relations, labour market, flexicurity, flexibility, security.

Relations between carbon removal rates, biofilm size and density of a novel anaerobic reactor: the inverse turbulent bed

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Buffière ◽  
R. Moletta
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Carbon Removal ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
High Turbulence ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

An anaerobic inverse turbulent bed, in which the biogas only ensures fluidisation of floating carrier particles, was investigated for carbon removal kinetics and for biofilm growth and detachment. The range of operation of the reactor was kept within 5 and 30 kgCOD· m−3· d−1, with Hydraulic Retention Times between 0.28 and 1 day. The carbon removal efficiency remained between 70 and 85%. Biofilm size were rather low (between 5 and 30 μm) while biofilm density reached very high values (over 80 kgVS· m−3). The biofilm size and density varied with increasing carbon removal rates with opposite trends; as biofilm size increases, its density decreases. On the one hand, biomass activity within the reactor was kept at a high level, (between 0.23 and 0.75 kgTOC· kgVS· d−1, i.e. between 0.6 and 1.85 kgCOD·kgVS · d−1).This result indicates that high turbulence and shear may favour growth of thin, dense and active biofilms. It is thus an interesting tool for biomass control. On the other hand, volatile solid detachment increases quasi linearly with carbon removal rate and the total amount of solid in the reactor levels off at high OLR. This means that detachment could be a limit of the process at higher organic loading rates.

scholarly journals Empirical study of spatial differentiation of youth unemployment in Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Blinova ◽  
Vladimir Markov ◽  
Viktor Rusanovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Interregional Differentiation

The purpose of the study is to conduct a statistical analysis and to perform a quantitative assessment of the degree and the dynamics of the interregional differences in youth unemployment in Russia between 2005 and 2013. We decompose the interregional differentiation into “within-group” and “between-group” differences. We also analyse the dynamics of the within-group and between-group differences and estimate their contribution to changes in the interregional differentiation of youth unemployment. Additionally, we estimate the degree and the dynamics of the interregional differences of the youth labour market in Russia in times of crisis and recovery growth. The results show a reduction in the interregional differences in unemployment rates between 2005 and 2008, while in 2009–2013, the interregional differentiation of the labour market increased. We found that the socio-economic effects of youth unemployment, as well as the behavioural response to economic shocks in the age groups of 15–19 and 20–29 years were significantly different.

Kinetin-Mediated Stimulation of Accumulation of Buckwheat Flavonoids in the Dark

1983 ◽  
Vol 38 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 711-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Margna ◽  
T. Vainjärv
Keyword(s):  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Exogenous Substrate ◽  
Percent Increase ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fold Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

A short treatment of excised buckwheat cotyledons with a solution of kinetin lead to an up to 9-fold stimulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, to an about 50 percent increase in the accumula­tion of rutin, and to an about 30 percent increase, on the average, in the accumulation of C-glycosylflavones in the treated material during its posttreatment incubation in the dark. When the treated cotyledons were incubated in a solution of ʟ--phenylalanine anthocyanin accumulation in the dark practically attained the same high level as it was observed in the illuminated cotyledons fed with exogenous ʟ--phenylalanine. In experiments with l4C-labelled L-phenylalanine kinetin induced a sharp rise in the labelling (resp. in the utilization of exogenous substrate for biosynthesis) of anthocyanins and rutin in the dark and a slight increase in the radioactivity of C-glycosylflavones. Similar labelling changes occurred in the illuminated cotyledons. However, both kinetin and light still more effectively promoted biosynthetic use of the endogenous sub­strate. As a result the relative portion of flavonoids formed from exogenous L-phenylalanine under these conditions showed a decrease as compared with the ratio of precursor use in the un­treated cotyledons. The results show that low accumulation rates of anthocyanins and other flavo­noids in the dark are conditioned by the limited access of substrate (ʟ--phenylalanine) molecules to the flavonoid enzymes lending further support to the idea that flavonoid biosynthesis is normally controlled at the substrate rather than at the enzymic level.

scholarly journals Testing Todd: family types and development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jerg Gutmann ◽  
Stefan Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

Abstract Many years ago, Emmanuel Todd came up with a classification of family types and argued that the historically prevalent family types in a society have important consequences for its economic, political, and social development. Here, we evaluate Todd's most important predictions empirically. Relying on a parsimonious model with exogenous covariates, we find mixed results. On the one hand, authoritarian family types are, in stark contrast to Todd's predictions, associated with increased levels of the rule of law and innovation. On the other hand, and in line with Todd's expectations, communitarian family types are linked to racism, low levels of the rule of law, and late industrialization. Countries in which endogamy is frequently practiced also display an expectedly high level of state fragility and weak civil society organizations.

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