scholarly journals Benzoyl Chloride Treatment of Kenaf Core Powder: The Effects on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of PVC/ENR/kenaf Core Powder Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Majid ◽  
H. Ismail ◽  
R.M. Taib
Keyword(s):  
Benzoyl Chloride ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Kenaf Core ◽  
Powder Composites ◽  
Core Powder ◽  
Chloride Treatment

Effects of Poly(Vinyl Chloride)-Grafted-Maleic Anhydride on the Poly(Vinyl Chloride)/Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Kenaf Core Powder Composite

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohani Abdul Majid ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Mat Taib Razaina
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Powder Composite ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Kenaf Core ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Powder Composites ◽  
Core Powder ◽  
Oxidative Ageing ◽  
Composite Samples

PVC-g-MA has been synthesized to replace the conventional PE-g-MA as the compatibilizer in PVC/ENR/kenaf core powder composites. The presence of the maleic anhydride grafting on PVC was made evident by infrared analysis. PVC/ENR/kenaf core powder composite samples were prepared using Haake Polydrive with the temperature of 140°C, with different kenaf core powder loading (5, 10, 15 and 20 phr) and incorporating PVC-g-MA with 4 phr. The water absorption and thermo-oxidative ageing properties of the composites were investigated. The results indicated that the percent of water uptake decreased with the incorporation of PVC-g-MA. The thermo-oxidative ageing test shows that the ageing properties of PVC/ENR/kenaf core powder composites with the addition of PVC-g-MA are lower compared to PVC/ENR/kenaf without PVC-g-MA.

Synthesis of 3-amino- and 3-azidoanalogs of 9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (HPMPA)

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonín Holý
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Alkaline Hydrolysis ◽  
Benzoyl Chloride ◽  
Sodium Hydride ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
Excess Sodium ◽  
Chloride Treatment

1-Azidopropane-2,3-diol (IIb) reacts with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride to give the tosyl derivative IIIa which, on acid catalyzed condensation with 2,3-dihydropyran, afforded 1-azido-2-(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy-3-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)propane (IIIb). Treatment of adenine sodium salt with IIIb resulted in the intermediate IV which was transformed by acid hydrolysis to 9-(RS)-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)adenine (V). Catalytic hydrogenation of V led to 9-(RS)-(3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)adenine (VI). 9-(RS)-(3-Azido-2-hydroxypropyl)-N6-benzoyladenine (VII) was obtained from V by chlorotrimethylsilane/benzoyl chloride treatment. Reaction of the compound VII with dimethyl p-toluenesulfonyloxymethanephosphonate (VIII) in the presence of excess sodium hydride, followed by alkaline hydrolysis, afforded methyl 9-(3-azido-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (IXa) which was transformed to the parent acid IXb by bromotrimethylsilane treatment. Hydrogenolysis of IXb yielded 9-(RS)-(3-amino-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (X).

Mechanical properties of PP/kenaf core nanocomposites made from nanocrystalline cellulose as an additive

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin ◽  
Paridah Md Tahir ◽  
Seng Hua Lee
Keyword(s):  
Impact Test ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Standard Testing ◽  
The Core ◽  
Kenaf Core ◽  
Micron Size ◽  
Polypropylene Matrix ◽  
The Impact

Kenaf core contains a fairly high amount of cellulose and lignin; hence, any attempt to use both components would be beneficial. In this study, kenaf core was used as reinforcement in PP/kenaf core nanocomposites. The core was prepared in two forms: (i) as micron-size reinforcement and (ii) as nanocrystalline cellulose. The bleaching process for nanocrystalline cellulose was conducted at different intensities in order to retain different amounts of lignin in the pulp. Then, the nanocrystalline cellulose was prepared via hydrolysis reaction. Both the micron-size kenaf core pulp and the nanocrystalline cellulose of different bleaching intensity were loaded in the polypropylene matrix with the aid of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene coupling agent. The mixtures were then hot pressed at 180°C for 8 min to form into standard testing size sample according to standard ASTM D638 (dumbbell shape for tensile test) and D790 (for flexural and impact test). The chemical, mechanical and morphological properties of the composites were evaluated. The results revealed that composites added with unbleached nanocrystalline cellulose (11.48% lignin content) had lowered the tensile and flexural strength. On the contrary, the impact strength was increased when unbleached nanocrystalline cellulose was added.

Finely milled kenaf core as a natural plywood binder

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhisa Okuda ◽  
Masatoshi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Wood Powder ◽  
Tensile Shear ◽  
Pressing Temperature ◽  
Board Density ◽  
Kenaf Core ◽  
Core Powder

Abstract Application of kenaf core powder as a natural plywood binder has been studied. In the first instance, binderless boards made of kenaf core powder and overlaid sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) veneers resulted in immediate veneer delamination. However, binderless boards were successfully manufactured from sugi wood powder and had an internal bonding strength of 1.69 MPa. The board properties improved with increasing fineness of the raw material, increasing pressing temperature, and increasing board density. Essential prerequisites for binderless adhesion are: (1) particles should be situated close to each other to allow the formation of chemical bonds; and (2) a high pressing temperature is necessary to melt the solid-solid interfaces between the particles and to supply the activation energy for chemical reactions. For successful adaptation of these requirements, the kenaf core powder should have an average particle size of approximately 10 μm, which then mediates close contact between veneers. Plywood bonded with kenaf core powder had an average tensile shear strength of 0.96 MPa with a wood failure rate of 82.1%. Accordingly, vibratory ball milling activates kenaf core and the powder is suitable as a natural plywood binder.

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