The impact of human-–environmental interactions on the evolution of fisheries in Africa and its sustainability

2016 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 209-210
Author(s):  
C. Twesigye
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Impacts of COVID-19 on Animals in Zoos: A Longitudinal Multi-Species Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-145
Author(s):  
Ellen Williams ◽  
Anne Carter ◽  
Jessica Rendle ◽  
Samantha J. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Animal Interaction ◽  
Chinese Goral ◽  
Grevy’S Zebra ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Swamp Wallaby

Prolonged and repetitive COVID-19 facility closures have led to an abrupt cessation of visitors within UK and Irish zoos for variable periods since March 2020. This study sought to increase understanding of the impact of closures and reopenings on animal behaviour, thereby broadening understanding of whether zoo animals habituate to visitors. Data were collected from June to August 2020 at two UK facilities on eight species (n = 1 Chinese goral, n = 2 Grevy’s zebra, n = 11 swamp wallaby, n = 2 Rothschild’s giraffe, n = 2 nyala, n = 4 Chapman’s zebra, n = 2 snow leopard and n = 3 Amur leopard). Behaviour change and enclosure use was variable across species but most changes were non-significant. Grevy’s zebra engaged in more comfort behaviour during closure periods than post-closure (p < 0.05). Chinese goral engaged in more environmental interactions during closure periods (p < 0.05). Grevy’s zebra spent longer than would be expected by chance closest to public viewing areas during closure periods (p < 0.008). These results suggest variable impacts of covid-19 closures and reopenings, mirroring human-animal interaction literature. We highlight the potential for some species to take longer to re-habituate to the presence of zoo visitors. As facility closures/reopenings are ongoing, we advocate a longitudinal monitoring approach. Furthermore, we recommend incorporation of physical and physiological measures of welfare where possible, alongside behavioural responses, to enable a holistic approach to answering fundamental questions on whether zoo animals habituate to visitors.

scholarly journals Resilience to childhood adversity

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Catherine Anne Wassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Adversity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Mitigating Factor ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Despite being linked to several negative long-term physical and psychological pathologies in adulthood, childhood adversity elicits variable responses in the sufferer. When searching for explanations for this heterogeneity, the concept of resilience has been postulated as a potential mitigating factor. Gene-environmental interactions are a promising avenue in the study of resilience. The premise of gene-environmental research is that interindividual variability in the response to an environmental stressor is due to an individual’s genetic make-up exacerbating or buffering the impact of that stressor. Herein, gene-environmental findings are illustrated in the context of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Many of the gene loci found to interact with childhood adversity influence both depression and PTSD possibly due to the high degree of shared heritability between these psychopathologies. Variation in the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, and in FKBP5, a gene coding for a glucocorticoid receptor binding protein, interacts with childhood adversity to influence the development and symptomology of depression and of PTSD. Findings in the field of gene-environmental interactions has led to a proposed 3-hit model whereby 3 hits, genetics, early life experiences and later life stressors, interact to determine whether an individual is vulnerable or resilient to the development of psychopathology. As limitations with the current research are addressed and complementary lines of research are integrated, the insight gained on childhood adversity has the potential to better predict children at risk of the long-term sequelae of adversity and to inform potential intervention and prevention strategies.

Evolution of human–environmental interactions in China from the Late Paleolithic to the Bronze Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Dong ◽  
Ruo Li ◽  
Minxia Lu ◽  
Dongju Zhang ◽  
Nathaniel James
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Late Paleolithic ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Climate Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Bronze Age

Exploring prehistoric variation in human–environmental interaction is critical for understanding the historical patterns and mechanisms of long-term human–land evolution. In this paper we review the published radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) data from Late Paleolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in China, analyze the spatial–temporal distribution of these sites, and compare it with the results of recent paleoclimatic and archaeological studies. We seek to study the trajectory and influencing factors of human–environmental interactions in late prehistoric China. We detect changing patterns in the relationship between humans and the environment during different phases of the prehistoric era in China. Climate change clearly affected the environment of hunter-gatherer groups between 50,000–10,000 BP (before present, defined as 1950AD), and variation in human population in Neolithic China (∼10,000–4000 BP) was likely influenced primarily by the development of agriculture, in addition to substantial climate events. The spatial scale of human settlements expanded in the Bronze Age (∼4000–2200 BP) in a period of cooling climate. During this time the impact of human activities on the environment increased significantly, primarily caused by technological innovations related to the onset of prehistoric transcontinental cultural exchange in Eurasia.

scholarly journals Impact of human and environmental interactions on flooding incident in the Jeneberang River South Sulawesi

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012105
Author(s):  
St. Khadijah Munirah Wahid ◽  
Daud Malalassam ◽  
Roland A. Barkey ◽  
Baharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Flood Control ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human interaction with the environment due to negative impacts. This can be seen, among others, in the interaction of the community with the environment in the Jeneberang watershed area, South Sulawesi Province, which has an impact in the form of flood events. This paper aims to determine the extent of the impact of human and environmental interactions on flooding in the area. The study was carried out through several studies and studies on human interactions and the natural environment in the Jeneberang watershed, literature studies, reviewing and concluding various journals, as well as collecting data through analysis of maps and secondary data from relevant agencies and primary data from the community as the main actors. The results of the study indicate that human interaction with the environment in the Jeneberang watershed has an impact in the form of flooding because the Jeneberang watershed management activities have not been optimally integrated, which are indicated by: 1. Watershed characteristics are not taken into account in infrastructure development. 2. There is still limited understanding of land-use communities about the characteristics of rainfall and surface runoff, as well as their relation to landslides and sedimentation, 3. The influence of mining activities on river flow narrowing and dam silting is not taken into account, and 4. The occurrence of vegetation degradation in downstream. In order to optimize flood control efforts in the Jeneberang river, it is necessary to carry out integrated management of the Jeneberang watershed by integrating all activities in all sectors. Planning for flood control and environmental conservation in general needs to really consider physical factors in the form of climate, hydrology, geology, tectonics, in addition to vegetation, management, technology, and socio-economic and cultural factors. Communities need to be motivated to continue trying to increase their income and welfare, accompanied by efforts to increase understanding and awareness of the importance of maintaining and preserving the environment, through diversifying livelihoods and utilizing natural resources and land that always prioritizes conservation aspects.

scholarly journals Trait-Based Models of Decomposition with Interspecific and Environmental Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 02029
Author(s):  
SiYu Liu ◽  
RuiXi Wang ◽  
LuYao Dong
Keyword(s):  
Robustness Analysis ◽  
Grey System Theory ◽  
Niche Width ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Grey System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
The Impact

Most saprotrophic fungi are dominant decomposers, and they play a vital role in the carbon cycle and stability of ecosystem. Previous researchers examined that how traits and environments influence the decomposition rate(DR), but few studies last long enough to scale short-term results up to long-term trends. In this paper, we build several trait-based models of decomposition with interspecific and environmental interactions to describe both short- and long-term trends. First, we build the model of decomposition ratio versus time with covariates – hyphal extension ratio and moisture tolerance for each species. Second, we define Interspecific Interference Ratio (IIR) to reflect interactions between fungi species and rank the relative competitiveness based on Grey System Theory with four evaluation indices: hyphal extension rate, moisture niche width, the hyphal density and thermal niche width. Then, we predict the relative advantages and disadvantages for different species by IIR and analyze the impact of biodiversity. Finally, we perform sensitivity and robustness analysis of our models, which exhibits the wide prospects and a deeper understanding of the role of fungi in the ecosystem.

Genetic variations of tubular sodium reabsorption leading to “primary” hypertension: from gene polymorphism to clinical symptoms

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (6) ◽  
pp. R1536-R1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Primary Hypertension ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Normotensive Strain ◽  
The Impact

The definition of the most appropriate strategy to demonstrate causation of a given genetic-molecular mechanism in a complex multifactorial polygenic disease like hypertension is hampered by the underestimation of the complexity arising from the genetic and environmental interactions. To disentangle this complexity, we developed a strategy based on six steps: 1) isolation of a rodent model of hypertension (Milan hypertensive strain and Milan normotensive strain) that shares some pathophysiological abnormalities with human primary hypertension; 2) definition in the model of the sequence of events linking these abnormalities to a genetic molecular mechanism; 3) determination of the polymorphism of the three adducin genes discovered in the model both in rats and in humans; 4) comparison at biochemical and physiological levels between the rodent models and the hypertensive carriers of the “mutated” gene variants; 5) evaluation of the impact of the adducin genes in hypertension and its organ complications with association and linkage studies in humans, also considering the genetic and environmental interactions; and 6) development of a pharmacogenomic approach aimed at establishing the therapeutic benefit of a drug interfering with the sequence of events triggered by adducin and their effect's size. The bulk of data obtained demonstrates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach considering a variety of genetic and environmental interactions. Adducin functions within the cells as a heterodimer composed of a combination of three subunits. Each of these subunits is coded by genes mapping to different chromosomes. Therefore, the interaction among these genes, taken together with the interactions with other modulatory genes or with the environment, is indispensable to establish the adducin clinical impact. The hypothesis that adducin polymorphism favors the development of hypertension via an increased tubular sodium reabsorption is well supported by a series of consistent experimental and clinical data. Many mechanistic aspects, underlying the link between these genes and clinical symptoms, need to be clarified. The clinical effect size of adducin must be established also with the contribution of pharmacogenomics with a drug that selectively interferes with the sequence of events triggered by the mutated adducin.

Barriers to EMS System Evaluation: Problems Associated with Field Data Collection

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. S35-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Spaite ◽  
Terence D. Valenzuela ◽  
Harvey W. Meislin
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Federal State ◽  
System Evaluation ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Bureaucratic Institutions ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Impact

For more than two decades, emergency medical services (EMS) systems have proliferated primarily based upon governmental impetus and funding at the federal, state, and local levels. Although many of the foundations of patient care rendered in these systems have been based upon intuitive logic, the understanding of the impact on patient outcome is poor, at best. The reasons for the current status are varied, but five issues are preeminent:1) The authority for the development of these medical systems has been based primarily in political and bureaucratic institutions which have little or no medical expertise;2) Little attention has been paid to system evaluation, particularly in the area of cost-effectiveness;3) Few academic medical institutions have become involved in EMS research;4) Traditional approaches to medical research primarily are disease-specific and are not multidisciplinary. Thus these are not useful for evaluating and understanding the highly complex and uncontrolled environmental interactions that typify EMS systems; and5) The process of efficiently and reliably collecting accurate data in the prehospital setting is extremely difficult.

A Long-Term, High-Quality, High-Vertical-Resolution GPS Dropsonde Dataset for Hurricane and Other Studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 961-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhong (June) Wang ◽  
Kate Young ◽  
Terry Hock ◽  
Dean Lauritsen ◽  
Dalton Behringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
High Vertical Resolution ◽  
Flight Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A GPS dropsonde is a scientific instrument deployed from research and operational aircraft that descends through the atmosphere by a parachute. The dropsonde provides high-quality, high-vertical-resolution profiles of atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and direction from the aircraft flight level to the surface over oceans and remote areas. Since 1996, GPS dropsondes have been routinely dropped during hurricane reconnaissance and surveillance flights to help predict hurricane track and intensity. From 1996 to 2012, NOAA has dropped 13,681 dropsondes inside hurricane eye walls or in the surrounding environment for 120 tropical cyclones (TCs). All NOAA dropsonde data have been collected, reformatted to one format, and consistently and carefully quality controlled using state-of-the-art quality-control (QC) tools. Three value-added products, the vertical air velocity and the radius and azimuth angle of each dropsonde location, are generated and added to the dataset. As a result, a long-term (1996–2012), high-quality, high-vertical-resolution (∼5–15 m) GPS dropsonde dataset is created and made readily available for public access. The dropsonde data collected during hurricane reconnaissance and surveillance flights have improved TC-track and TC-intensity forecasts significantly. The impact of dropsonde data on hurricane studies is summarized. The scientific applications of this long-term dropsonde dataset are highlighted, including characterizing TC structures, studying TC environmental interactions, identifying surface-based ducts in the hurricane environment that affect electromagnetic wave propagation, and validating satellite temperature and humidity profiling products.

Defining Replication in Gene × Environnment Interaction Research: The Risk of Spurious Associations

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
M. Munafo
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Weight Of Evidence ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Original Report ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Interaction Research ◽  
Relevant Factors

There has been considerable interest in recent years in the investigation of the role of gene x environment (G x E) interactions in aetiology of psychiatric disorders. While the fact that genetic effects may moderate the effects of environmental exposure is widely accepted, and supported by family and twin studies, there is controversy regarding the degree of evidence for specific G x E interactions reported in the literature. Here it is argued that examples of environmental interactions with genes identified at the molecular level are not as well established as widely believed.A number of relevant factors influencing the weight of evidence for specific G x E interactions will be discussed, including the degree of stringency employed in the definition of “replication”, the impact of different statistical models used to test for interactions, and the statistical power of individual studies. It is concluded that in only a minority of studies is a replication reported that is qualitatively comparable to that in the original report. Given reasonable assumptions regarding likely genetic and environmental effects, simulations indicate that published studies are most likely underpowered, suggesting that positive results for widely reported G x E interactions may be compatible with chance findings.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

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