Benefits of an integrated water and nutrient reuse system for urban areas in semi-arid developing countries

Research shows that traffic fatality risk is generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas. In developing countries, vehicle ownership and investments in public transportation typically increase with economic growth. These two factors together increase the vehicle population, which in turn affects traffic safety. This paper presents a study focused on the relationship of various factors—including household consumption expenditure data—with traffic fatality in rural and urban areas and thereby aims to fill some of the gaps in the literature. One such gap is the impacts of personal and non-personal modes of travel on traffic safety in rural versus urban areas in developing countries which remains unexplored. An exhaustive panel data modeling approach is adopted. One important finding of this study is that evidence exists of a contrasting relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality in rural and urban areas. The relationship between household expenditure and traffic fatality is observed to be positive in rural areas and a negative in urban areas. Increases in most expenditure variables, such as fuel, non-personal modes of travel, and two-wheeler expenditures, are found to be associated with an increase in traffic fatality in rural areas.

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Towards Resilient Cities: Improving Unplanned Urban Areas—Strategic Environmental Assessment and Upgrading Guidelines in Developing Countries

Innovative Renewable Energy - Green Buildings and Renewable Energy ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-30841-4_10 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 143-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mai M. Barakat ◽

Mohsen M. Aboulnaga ◽

Mona F. Badran

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Environmental Assessment ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Strategic Environmental Assessment

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Emission Factors of Black Carbon and Co-pollutants from Diesel Vehicles in Mexico City

10.5194/acp-2017-695 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Zavala ◽

Luisa T. Molina ◽

Tara I. Yacovitch ◽

Edward C. Fortner ◽

Joseph R. Roscioli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Mexico City ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Remote Sensing Technique ◽

Driving Conditions ◽

Comparison Of The Results

Abstract. Diesel-powered vehicles are intensively used in urban areas for transporting goods and people but can substantially contribute to high emissions of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), and other gaseous pollutants. Strategies aimed at controlling mobile emissions sources thus have the potential to improve air quality as well as help mitigate impacts of air pollutants on climate, ecosystems, and human health. However, in developing countries there are limited data on the BC and OC emission characteristics of diesel-powered vehicles and thus there are large uncertainties in the estimation of the emission contributions from these sources. We measured BC, OC and other inorganic components of fine particulate matter (PM), as well as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ethane, acetylene, benzene, toluene, and C2-benzenes under real-world driving conditions of 20 diesel-powered vehicles encompassing multiple emission level technologies in Mexico City with the chasing technique using the Aerodyne mobile laboratory. Average BC emission factors ranged from 0.41–2.48 g/kg-fuel depending on vehicle type. The vehicles were also simultaneously measured using the cross-road remote sensing technique to obtain the emission factors of nitrogen oxide (NO), CO, total hydrocarbons, and fine PM, thus allowing the inter-comparison of the results from the two techniques. There is overall good agreement between the two techniques and both can identify high and low emitters but substantial differences were found in some of the vehicles, probably due to the ability of the chasing technique to capture a larger diversity of driving conditions in comparison to the remote sensing technique. A comparison of the results with the US-EPA MOVES-2014b model showed that the model underestimates CO, OC, and selected VOC species whereas there is better agreement for NOx and BC. Larger OC / BC ratios were found in comparison to ratios measured in California using the same technique, further demonstrating the need for using locally-obtained diesel-powered vehicle emission factors database in developing countries in order to reduce the uncertainty in the emissions estimates and to improve the evaluation of the effectiveness of emissions reduction measures.

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Ensuring Sustainable Urban Transformation in Indonesia

The Journal of Indonesia Sustainable Development Planning ◽

10.46456/jisdep.v1i2.80 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 217-224

Author(s):

B. Setiawan ◽

Tri Mulyani Sunarharum

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

21St Century ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Population ◽

Third World ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Urban Transformation ◽

The Third ◽

The Many ◽

The Third World

Of the many important events that occurred in the two decades of the 21st century, the process of accelerating urbanization—especially in third-world countries—became something quite phenomenal. It's never even happened before. In the early 2000s, only about 45 percent of the population in the third world lived in urban areas, by 2020 the number had reached about 55 percent. Between now and 2035 the percentage of the population living in urban areas will reach about 85 percent in developed countries. Meanwhile, in developing countries will reach about 65 percent. By 2035, it is also projected that about 80 percent of the world's urban population will live in developing countries' cities.

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PERAN STRATEGIS PENERAPAN KONSEP SISTER CITY DALAM MENCIPTAKAN SURABAYA GREEN-CITY

JOURNAL OF APPLIED BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ◽

10.30871/jaba.v2i1.807 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 144-151

Author(s):

Inggang Perwangsa Nuralam

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Developed Countries ◽

City Development ◽

Rapid Population Growth ◽

Good Practices ◽

Environmentally Sound ◽

Complex Activities ◽

Green City

Indonesia has many big cities with dynamic urbanization trend, increased economic growth and activities, rapid population growth, and dense populations such as Jakarta, Bandung, Medan, Surabaya and Balikpapan. As a result, the complex activities of people in urban areas need space and these needs cause environmental degradation, such as the practice of throwing garbage that is not in place. To prevent this in the future, it is important for developing countries like Indonesia to have benchmarks. Benchmarks for developing countries can come from developed countries. So far inter-city development usually has partnerships with cities abroad, including the sister city concept. Sister city practices can be used by cities in Indonesia for the development of good practices. The collaboration of Surabaya (Indonesia) with Kitakyushu (Japan) focuses a lot on creating urban planning that is environmentally sound or commonly known as green city or eco-city.

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Households’ Adaptation to Climate Change Hazards in Semi-Arid Region of Mopani, South Africa

10.5772/intechopen.94759 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Musa Yusuf Jimoh ◽

Peter Bikam ◽

Hector Chikoore ◽

James Chakwizira ◽

Emaculate Ingwani

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

South Africa ◽

Climate Change Adaptation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Arid Region ◽

Adaptive Systems ◽

Adaptation To Climate Change ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Semi Arid

New climate change realities are no longer a doubtful phenomenon, but realities to adapt and live with. Its cogent impacts and implications’ dispositions pervade all sectors and geographic scales, making no sector or geographic area immune, nor any human endeavor spared from the associated adversities. The consequences of this emerging climate order are already manifesting, with narratives written beyond the alterations in temperature and precipitation, particularly in urban areas of semi-arid region of South Africa. The need to better understand and respond to the new climate change realities is particularly acute in this region. Thus, this chapter highlights the concept of adaptation as a fundamental component of managing climate change vulnerability, through identifying and providing insight in respect of some available climate change adaptation models and how these models fit within the premises and programmes of sustainable adaptation in semi-arid region with gaps identification. The efforts of governments within the global context are examined with households’ individual adaptation strategies to climate change hazards in Mopani District. The factors hindering the success of sustainable urban climate change adaptation strategic framework and urban households’ adaptive systems are also subjects of debate and constitute the concluding remarks to the chapter.

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Prefabricated biogas reactor-based systems for community wastewater and organic waste treatment in developing regions

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2013.135 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 153-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Cheng ◽

Z. Li ◽

H.-P. Mang ◽

X. Liu ◽

F. Yin

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Waste Management ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Construction Design ◽

Environment And Health ◽

Biogas Reactors ◽

Biogas Reactor ◽

Organic Waste Treatment ◽

Urban Conditions

Population densities in cities of developing countries are much higher than in other parts of the world, and the predominance of poverty in urban slums is ubiquitous throughout the region. In many urban areas, the lack of wastewater and waste management continues to be a huge challenge for environment and health protection. Decentralized approaches are proposed to provide practical, alternative options for sustainable urban wastewater and waste management in urban conditions. Conventionally, on-site constructed brick/concrete biogas reactors are the most used models. However, long construction periods, quality issues and leakage of biogas are often the disadvantages of construction design. In contrast to these systems, prefabricated biogas reactors can be produced off-site from different kinds of material. In this paper, prefabricated biogas reactor and treatment systems will be discussed, which could be applied in different developing countries. Meanwhile, some existing cases in China, Indonesia and South Africa are presented to show clear scenarios.

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