Pengembangan ternak Ruminansia terintegrasi di Desa Koto Simandolak Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi: Pemanfaatan kotoran ternak untuk biogas dan pupuk organik

Kuantan Singingi Regency is one of the ruminant-producing districts in Riau Province. Koto Simandolak Village, located in Benai District, Kuantan Singingi Regency, the majority of the people work as farmers. Generally, farmers in Koto Simandolak Village cultivate livestock traditionally, namely by releasing them to the wild. This condition causes several problems including livestock manure, pollution of the village environment, and conflicts with residents. This problem can be solved if the farmer wants to keep the cattle. By holding cattle, the manure will be collected directly in the cage. Animal manure can be processed and used in biogas and organic fertilizer. The Research and Community Services Team of Universitas Riau saw the potential for utilizing livestock manure waste in Koto Simandolak Village. The Team conducts training and assistance in the installation of biogas reactors as well as training and mentoring in the biogas production process using livestock manure. Another output of biogas production is organic fertilizer. The ultimate goal of this service activity is to increase the income of the target community, namely through increasing livestock production, biogas production, and organic fertilizer production.

Mesophilic and Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw in a CSTR System with ‘Synthetic Manure’: Impact of Nickel and Tungsten on Methane Yields, Cell Count, and Microbiome

Lignocellulosic residues, such as straw, are currently considered as candidates for biogas production. Therefore, straw fermentations were performed to quantitatively estimate methane yields and cell counts, as well as to qualitatively determine the microbiome. Six fully automated, continuously stirred biogas reactors were used: three mesophilic (41 °C) and three thermophilic (58 °C). They were fed every 8 h with milled wheat straw suspension in a defined, buffered salt solution, called ‘synthetic manure’. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses showed nickel and tungsten deficiency in the straw suspension. Supplementation of nickel and subsequently tungsten, or with an increasing combined dosage of both elements, resulted in a final concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/L active, dissolved tungsten ions, which caused an increase of the specific methane production, up to 63% under mesophilic and 31% under thermophilic conditions. That is the same optimal range for pure cultures of methanogens or bacteria found in literature. A simultaneous decrease of volatile fatty acids occurred. The Ni/W effect occurred with all three organic loading rates, being 4.5, 7.5, and 9.0 g volatile solids per litre and day, with a concomitant hydraulic retention time of 18, 10, or 8 days, respectively. A maximum specific methane production of 0.254 m3 CH4, under standard temperature and pressure per kg volatile solids (almost 90% degradation), was obtained. After the final supplementation of tungsten, the cell counts of methanogens increased by 300%, while the total microbial cell counts increased by only 3–62%. The mesophilic methanogenic microflora was shifted from the acetotrophic Methanosaeta to the hydrogenotrophic Methanoculleus (85%) by tungsten, whereas the H2-CO2-converter, Methanothermobacter, always dominated in the thermophilic fermenters.

Realizing Gedangan Village as an energy self-sufficient village through biogas-electric energy conversion

Gedangan village, a dairy farming center, has many biogas reactors that are used for cooking and lighting petromax lamps. Previous community service activities resulted in the construction of three Biogas Power Plants (PLT-Biogas) capable of producing 15 kW of power but which were not fully utilized. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is the approach method used to actively involve the community in the program. To optimize the PLT-Biogas, the service team rearranges the equipment and replaces the UPS with an inverter and battery charger before constructing a street lighting electricity network that can be used by the entire community. The next step is to provide operational and maintenance training for the long-term use of PLT-Biogas. As a result, the initial stage of electrical energy is currently used for street lighting in two hamlets, as well as freezers and water pumps, with a potential savings of 2,775.6 kWh per year. By converting biogas energy to electricity, this community service activity can help to kickstart the realization of an energy self-sufficient village.

TRAINING ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM MANURE AND CONCRETE BRICK PRODUCTION TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMY OF CITIZEN IN DANAU SADAR VILLAGE, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

Danau Sadar Village is a village located in the sub-district of Dusun Selatan, 8 km from Buntok, the capital of South Barito Regency. This village has several potentials such as rubber plantation, livestock sector, tourism, and fisheries sector. Even though this potential is quite remarkable, the citizen welfare is still in low catagories due to the lack of skill in managing it. This condition happened because not all workers are engaged in the production process. Related to the condition of the community in Danau Sadar Village, an idea emerged to empower the community, by providing training to improve their skills. The objectives of community service in Danau Sadar Village are as follows: (1) assisting the people of Danau Sadar Village in developing economic independence; (2) improving entrepreneurial skills through the training provided. The community service program has been successful by carrying out two types of training activities to improve citizen welfare: training on biogas reactors from manure and brick making to obtain optimal products in terms of production costs and quality. The citizen in Danau Sadar Village welcomes this community service program. They hope that Palangka Raya University will carry out the community service program regularly in their village.

Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Melalui Pengembangan Energi Berbasis Biogas (Studi pada Desa Sangun Ratu Kecamatan Pubian Kabupaten Lampung Tengah)

Energy is the most basic need for human. Energy utilized in various areas to support various activities in daily life. Energy that commonly used by community now is fossil energy such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. Those energy resouces are not renewable energy that might have depletion vulnerability of supplies. Therefore, in order to always be used by society in supporting their daily activities, energy must be developed. The development of energy can be done by using a renewable energy that abundantly available in Indonesia. One of renewable energies that can be developed in Indonesia is biogas energy that comes from livestock manure management in biogas reactors. One of regions in Indonesia that has done development of biogas energy is Sangun Ratu Village Pubian Subdistrict Central Lampung Regency. The purpose of this research is to describe the energy sustainability development and achievement of energy independence based on biogas in Sangun Ratu Village. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques resourced from observation, documentation and depth interviews. The results of this study are described based on development management functions consisting of planning, mobilizing natural resources, budgeting, implementing development, coordinating, monitoring and evaluating and supervising sustainable development efforts which consist of aligning needs with natural resources, development of human resources, a triangle of partnerships and development with a long-term perspective. Sustainable development through the development of biogas-based energy in Sangun Ratu Village has been carried out in a sustainable manner from the end of 2013 to 2019. However, energy independence in Sangun Ratu Village has not been achieved because only 15.11% of the total community uses biogas-based independent energy to meet their daily energy needs. days such as cooking, petromax lighting and the use of bio-slurry (biogas waste).

DETERMINATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT LEVEL OF THE SPEED OF MIXING BODY OF ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM

Purpose. Today, biomass fermentation in biogas plants is one of the most advanced, environmentally and economically viable solutions for energy production from waste. However, the process of anaerobic digestion of waste is long, so the main process of intensification is mixing. Analysis of well-known studies of domestic and foreign scientists indicates the urgency of reducing energy consumption for the mixing process. The aim of the study is to determine the energy-efficient speed of a paddle stirrer with blades set at an angle of 450 for small biogas reactors. Methodology. At the decision of the set tasks the general methods of physics, three-dimensional modeling, processing and visualization of the received results in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation and Wolfram Mathematica programs are applied. Results. Using 3D modeling, the influence of the stirrer speed on the picture of the distribution of the velocity vectors of the substrate flows in the biogas reactor was studied. Graphs of power consumption at the beginning of mixing for different stirrer speeds were obtained and analyzed, and the levels of energy consumed for mixing biomass during the start-up period and the whole mixing period were compared. A method for determining the energy efficient rotation speed of the stirring mechanism of the electromechanical system of biogas reactors is proposed. Practical value. The results can be used in the construction and modernization of biogas plants to reduce energy consumption of the substrate mixing process. Conclusion. Based on the research, it was concluded that for a paddle two-tier mixer with blades set at an angle of 450 energy-efficient speed, is 40 rpm. At this speed, careful and intensive mixing of the biomass is observed throughout the volume of the tank. The average velocity of flow vectors in the biomass volume is 0,273 m/s. The energy consumed per cycle of biomass mixing is 2471,3 J, and the percentage of energy consumed during the start-up period from the energy consumed during the entire mixing period is 0,62 %. References 19, figures 5.

Abundance Tracking by Long-Read Nanopore Sequencing of Complex Microbial Communities in Samples from 20 Different Biogas/Wastewater Plants

Anaerobic digestion (AD) has long been critical technology for green energy, but the majority of the microorganisms involved are unknown and are currently not cultivable, which makes abundance tracking difficult. Developments in nanopore long-read sequencing make it a promising approach for monitoring microbial communities via metagenomic sequencing. For reliable monitoring of AD via long reads, we established a robust protocol for obtaining less fragmented, high-quality DNA, while preserving bacteria and archaea composition, for a broad range of different biogas reactors. Samples from 20 different biogas/wastewater reactors were investigated, and a median of 20.5 Gb sequencing data per nanopore flow cell was retrieved for each reactor using the developed DNA isolation protocol. The nanopore sequencing data were compared against Illumina sequencing data while using different taxonomic indices for read classifications. The Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB) index allowed sufficient characterisation of the abundance of bacteria and archaea in biogas reactors with a dramatic improvement (1.8- to 13-fold increase) in taxonomic classification compared to the RefSeq index. Both technologies performed similarly in taxonomic read classification with a slight advantage for Illumina in regard to the total proportion of classified reads. However, nanopore sequencing data revealed a higher genus richness after classification. Metagenomic read classification via nanopore provides a promising approach to monitor the abundance of taxa present in a microbial AD community as an alternative to 16S ribosomal RNA studies or Illumina Sequencing.

Numerical investigation of energy losses in the environment for mesophilic mode of fermentationent for mesophilic mode of fermentation

The article is devoted to the study of energy losses of a biogas reactor into the environment during the fermentation of biomass in the mesophilic temperature regime. The article considers the influence of the presence of the insulating layer of the biogas reactor and the ambient temperature on the amount of energy losses and the required energy to recover these losses depending on the volume of the biogas reactor. The developed mathematical model allows to estimate the intensity of energy losses to the environment taking into account the amount of contamination of the inner wall of the biogas reactor, ambient temperature, average wind speed for the reactor location, surface area of the biogas reactor and its volume, material from which the biogas reactor is made, insulating layer and its material, mode of movement and frequency of biomass mixing. The following assumptions have been made for numerical studies: biomass fermentation takes place in the mesophilic temperature regime , biogas reactors with a volume of 50 to 200 liters, at ambient temperatures from to . It has been established that the heat loss to the environment for different volumes of biogas reactors, regardless of the ambient temperature and the presence or absence of an insulating layer, is not linear. Numerical research has shown that the use of an insulating layer of mineral wool with a thickness of 100 mm, depending on the volume of the biogas reactor and ambient temperature, reduces the amount of energy required to maintain the thermal regime by 55-63 times. Taking into account the amount of losses at the stage of design and manufacture of biogas reactors will reduce energy costs to maintain the required temperature, thereby increasing the profitability of the biogas plant.