Discussions on Official Development Assistance, its effectiveness and interest are not new, but the current crisis has increased the critical pressure in this regard. In this context it is important to review the role of ODA -traditionally linked to the reduction of poverty and inequality- to analyze its relationship with the changes in these variables, and also the potential influence of this on its own identity. To do this, the work first examines the evolution of the discourse on these issues, and then analyzes the limited evidence on the impact of ODA in the evolution of these questions during the period 1990-2010.