scholarly journals The difference a day can make: The temporal dynamics of drinking water access and quality in urban slums

2019 ◽  
Vol 671 ◽  
pp. 818-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Price ◽  
Ellis Adams ◽  
Richard S. Quilliam
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Water Access ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Access And Quality

scholarly journals Stories of success: a qualitative examination of contributors to excellence in school drinking water access

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1800-1809
Author(s):  
Amanda Y Cooper ◽  
Emily Altman ◽  
Christina E Hecht ◽  
Janine Bruce ◽  
Anisha I Patel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Or Education ◽  
Community Influences ◽  
Water Accessibility ◽  
Access And Quality

AbstractObjective:Drinking water instead of beverages with added sugar can help prevent obesity and cavities and promote overall health. Children spend much of their day in school, where they have variable access to drinking water. In 2010, federal and state law required California public schools to provide free potable water to students in areas where meals are served and/or eaten. The current study aims to identify factors associated with an excellent drinking water culture in schools.Design:A qualitative assessment of barriers and facilitators to providing excellent water quality and access in a purposive sample of California schools. In-depth interviews with key informants were conducted using a snowball sampling approach, after which data were analysed using both inductive and deductive methods.Setting:California public elementary, middle/junior and high schools.Participants:Knowledgeable individuals involved in initiatives related to school drinking water accessibility, quality or education at each selected school.Results:Thirty-four interviewees participated across fifteen schools. Six themes emerged as prominent facilitators to a school’s success in providing excellent water access to students: active and engaged champions, school culture and policy, coordination between groups, community influences, available resources and environmentalism.Conclusions:While policy is an important step for achieving minimum standards, resources and interest in promoting excellence in drinking water access and quality can vary among schools. Ensuring that schools have dedicated staff committed to advancing student health and promoting the benefits of water programs that are more salient to schools could help reduce disparities in drinking water excellence across schools.

scholarly journals Daily changes in household water access and quality in urban slums undermine global safe water monitoring programmes

2021 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 113632
Author(s):  
Heather D. Price ◽  
Ellis A. Adams ◽  
Peter D. Nkwanda ◽  
Theresa W. Mkandawire ◽  
Richard S. Quilliam
Keyword(s):  
Urban Slums ◽  
Water Monitoring ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Access And Quality ◽  
Daily Changes

scholarly journals The difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with fluoride containing toothpaste and without toothpaste

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Setiawan ◽  
Edeh Rolleta Haroen ◽  
Dede Hadidjah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

In administering fluoride through drinking water there is the risk of overdose, higher cost and inadequate availability of drinking water containing fluoride in developing countries like Indonesia. A safe fluoride source is contained in toothpaste. The purpose of this research was to obtain data concerning difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with toothpaste containing fluoride and without toothpaste. The research method used was the quasi-experimental method. Samples were collected by the way of purposive sampling, conducted on 43 male and female research subjects. The data were analyzed by statistical analysis using the t test at 95% confidence level. In this research a control group consisting of 43 people was used. Research results indicated that the average saliva pH before brushing was 7.174; after brushing with fluoride containing toothpaste salivary pH was 7.593. Result research of brushing without toothpaste showed an average saliva of 7.163 before brushing and 7.379 after brushing without toothpaste. The average changes in saliva pH before and after brushing using fluoride containing toothpaste was 0.216. The conclusion of this research was that there was significant difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with toothpaste containing fluoride; there was significant difference in saliva pH before and after brushing without toothpaste, and there was significant difference in saliva pH before and after brushing with toothpaste containing fluoride and without toothpaste.

Dissociating early and late visual processing via the Ebbinghaus illusion

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
FILIPP SCHMIDT ◽  
ANDREAS WEBER ◽  
ANKE HABERKAMP
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Ebbinghaus Illusion ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
The Difference

AbstractVisual perception is not instantaneous; the perceptual representation of our environment builds up over time. This can strongly affect our responses to visual stimuli. Here, we study the temporal dynamics of visual processing by analyzing the time course of priming effects induced by the well-known Ebbinghaus illusion. In slower responses, Ebbinghaus primes produce effects in accordance with their perceptual appearance. However, in fast responses, these effects are reversed. We argue that this dissociation originates from the difference between early feedforward-mediated gist of the scene processing and later feedback-mediated more elaborate processing. Indeed, our findings are well explained by the differences between low-frequency representations mediated by the fast magnocellular pathway and high-frequency representations mediated by the slower parvocellular pathway. Our results demonstrate the potentially dramatic effect of response speed on the perception of visual illusions specifically and on our actions in response to objects in our visual environment generally.

scholarly journals PO 8430 A GEOSPATIAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING DIARRHEA PREVALENCE IN NIGERIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A36.3-A37
Author(s):  
Oluwasegun Adetunde
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Severe Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Oral Rehydration Salt ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Mortality Pattern ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Diarrhea Prevalence

BackgroundNigeria ranks second globally only behind India in under-five mortality prevalence. In Nigeria, 108.8 children die per 1000 live births before their 5th birthday. It is of note that diarrhoea (15.3% prevalence) is the second leading cause of under-five mortality in Nigeria after pneumonia. General poor hygiene and nutritional status are contributory factors to diarrhea.MethodsData was collected for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) using the weight for height z-value (WHZ) and/or oedema criteria. In addition, data on diarrhoea prevalence, oral rehydration salt therapy (ORST), improved source of drinking water and improved sanitation were collected. These were obtained for 36 states and federal capital territory (FCT) from the National Bureau of Statistics headquarters in FCT, Abuja for 2015. Correlation analysis was first carried out to determine relationships followed by geographically weighted regression analysis (GWR). GWR was used to predict under-five mortality pattern and accuracy mapped.ResultsObserved correlation coefficients to diarrhoea prevalence were 0.59,–0.49, −0.35 and −0.63 for SAM, ORST, improved drinking water access, and improved sanitation, respectively. R2 varied across states, though positive, from 0.29 in Akwa Ibom to 0.95 in Kebbi states. Standard deviation of residuals in the regression model ranged from −3.89 to 3.33 in Borno and Gombe states respectively, while Sokoto and Bauchi had 0.006 and 0.024 respectively, thus having the best accuracy in predictions across all states in the country. Both correlation and GWR were at p<0.05.ConclusionThe results obtained support literature, confirming the inverse relationship between ORST prevalence, improved drinking water access and improved sanitation to diarrhea prevalence. It also supports the already confirmed positive relationship between poor nutrition of children and susceptibility to diarrhoea. The study however expanded knowledge by incorporating geocomputation to predict diarrhoea prevalence.

scholarly journals Arsenic from community water fluoridation: quantifying the effect

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242
Author(s):  
Emily Peterson ◽  
Howard Shapiro ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
John G. Minnery ◽  
Ray Copes
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Community Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Community Water Fluoridation

Community water fluoridation is a WHO recommended strategy to prevent dental carries. One debated concern is that hydrofluorosilicic acid, used to fluoridate water, contains arsenic and poses a health risk. This study was undertaken to determine if fluoridation contributes to arsenic in drinking water, to estimate the amount of additional arsenic associated with fluoridation, and compare this to the National Sanitation Foundation/American National Standards Institute (NSF/ANSI) standard and estimates from other researchers. Using surveillance data from Ontario drinking water systems, mixed effects linear regression was performed to examine the effect of fluoridation status on the difference in arsenic concentration between raw water and treated water samples. On average, drinking water treatment was found to reduce arsenic levels in water in both fluoridated and non-fluoridated systems by 0.2 μg/L. However, fluoridated systems were associated with an additional 0.078 μg/L (95% CI 0.021, 0.136) of arsenic in water when compared to non-fluoridated systems (P = 0.008) while controlling for raw water arsenic concentrations, types of treatment processes, and source water type. Our estimate is consistent with concentrations expected from other research and is less than 10% of the NSF/ANSI standard of 1 μg/L arsenic in water. This study provides further information to inform decision-making regarding community water fluoridation.

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