Lower limits and upper limits for tails of random sums supported on

Context. The debris disk surrounding β Pictoris has been observed with ALMA to contain a belt of CO gas with a distinct peak at ~85 au. This CO clump is thought to be the result of a region of enhanced density of solids that collide and release CO through vaporisation. The parent bodies are thought to be comparable to solar system comets, in which CO is trapped inside a water ice matrix. Aims. Since H2O should be released along with CO, we aim to put an upper limit on the H2O gas mass in the disk of β Pictoris. Methods. We used archival data from the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) aboard the Herschel Space Observatory to study the ortho-H2O 110–101 emission line. The line is undetected. Using a python implementation of the radiative transfer code RADEX, we converted upper limits on the line flux to H2O gas masses. The resulting lower limits on the CO/H2O mass ratio are compared to the composition of solar system comets. Results. Depending on the assumed gas spatial distribution, we find a 95% upper limit on the ortho-H2O line flux of 7.5 × 10−20 W m−2 or 1.2 × 10−19 W m−2. These translate into an upper limit on the H2O mass of 7.4 × 1016–1.1 × 1018 kg depending on both the electron density and gas kinetic temperature. The range of derived gas-phase CO/H2O ratios is marginally consistent with low-ratio solar system comets.

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Vertical zonation of the hydroid Dynamena crisioides (Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) in a mangrove ecosystem at Twin Cays, Belize

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z91-422 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 2993-2999 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dale R. Calder

Keyword(s):

Intertidal Zone ◽

Prime Factor ◽

Good Condition ◽

Mangrove Ecosystem ◽

Lower Half ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Shallow Subtidal ◽

Lower Limits ◽

Transplantation Experiments ◽

Number Of Branches

Dynamena crisioides is generally restricted to lower intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats along tropical and subtropical coasts. The hydroid was abundant during this study on prop roots of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) at Twin Cays, Belize, where it ranged vertically from 1.1 m below mean tide level (MTL) to 2–3 cm above MTL. The estimated percentage cover of the hydroid was maximal in the lower half of the intertidal zone (MTL and 0.1 m below MTL) and declined rapidly above and below that level. Colony height and number of branches per colony were also consistently highest in hydroids from the lower half of the intertidal zone. The percentage of colonies with gonophores was lowest at the lower and upper vertical limits of the species. Field observations and transplantation experiments suggest that the lower limits of D. crisioides are established by competition for space (with algae, sponges, and ascidians), smothering (by algae, sponges, ascidians, and other hydroids), and predation (by fishes). Desiccation was considered the prime factor determining the upper limits of the hydroid. Colonies transplanted to the supratidal zone were in good condition after 24 h, alive but in poor condition after 48 h, and dead after 72 and 96 h of exposure.

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Faint Photometry of Edge-on Spiral Galaxies: A Search for Massive Halos

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s007418090015065x ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 117 ◽

pp. 425-425

Author(s):

Michael F. Skrutskie ◽

Mark A. Shure ◽

Steven Beckwith

Keyword(s):

Spiral Galaxies ◽

Hydrogen Burning ◽

Dwarf Stars ◽

Color Changes ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Massive Halos ◽

Halo Masses ◽

Stellar Masses ◽

M Dwarf Stars ◽

Lower Limits

Upper limits have been set to the luminosity from the massive halos of three late-type edge-on spiral galaxies: NGC 2683 (Sb), NGC 4244 (Scd), and NGC 5907 (Sc). The limits resulted from simultaneous photometry in the visual (V) and 2.2μm (K) photometric bands which is sensitive to both luminosity and color changes along the minor axes of the three galaxies. The 3σ lower limits to the mass-to-light ratios for the halo of NGC 5907 are the largest ever recorded: M/Lv > 2000 and M/Lk > 64 in solar units. Since K band M/L for M-dwarf stars lying just above the hydrogen-burning limit is about 35, the results virtually eliminate the possibility that hydrogen-burning stars comprise more than a fraction of the halo masses. If the halos contain a more realistic spectrum of stellar masses, for example Population II, the visual band measurements imply that these stars account for less than one percent of the halo mass. Similar limits were obtained for NGC 4244 and NGC 2683. Variations of the V-K colors along and perpendicular to the disks show no sign of population changes toward redder objects at large galactocentric radii.

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A Limiting Approach for the Evaluation of Geometric Mean Transmittance in a Multidimensional Absorbing and Isotropically Scattering Medium

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.3246691 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 106 (2) ◽

pp. 441-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

W. W. Yuen

Keyword(s):

Geometric Mean ◽

Accurate Estimate ◽

Exact Expression ◽

Integral Function ◽

Scattering Medium ◽

Exponential Integral ◽

Physical Consideration ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Lower Limits ◽

Transmittance Factor

The calculation of the geometric-mean transmittance factor between areas with an intervening absorbing and isotropically scattering medium is considered. While an exact expression for the factor is shown to be quite complicated, the upper and lower limits of the factor can be readily generated from physical consideration. Integral expressions for successively increasing (decreasing) values of the lower (upper) limits are obtained. For two-dimensional systems, these expressions are reduced to integrals involving Sn (x), a class of exponential integral function that has been tabulated in a previous work. Utilizing the kernel substitution technique, these integrals are evaluated analytically in closed form for some selected geometries. For cases with small optical thickness and large scattering albedo, both limits are shown to converge relatively slowly to the actual transmittance factor. But the decreasing difference between the two limits provides accurate estimate of the geometric-mean transmittance factor. Based on these results, some interesting conclusions concerning the effect of scattering on multidimensional radiative transmission are established.

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A Search for Recombination Line Emission from the Galactic Equator at 408 MHz

Australian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1071/ph760419 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 419 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MJ Batty

Keyword(s):

Surface Brightness ◽

Thermal Emission ◽

Line Emission ◽

Hii Regions ◽

Line Of Sight ◽

Recombination Line ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Low Surface Brightness ◽

Lower Limits ◽

Galactic Longitude

A search for H 2520( recombination line emission was made by scanning the galactic equator region using the Molonglo radio telescope. Upper limits were established over the range of galactic longitude accessible to the instrument. For the region III ;S 40�, estimates of the background thermal continuum brightness temperature were used to derive lower limits of ~ 2000 K for the electron temperature of the gas along the line of sight. Lower limits for the electron density obtained by considering probable non-LTE effects suggest that the thermal emission over this range is due to low surface brightness HII regions. The observed H 2520( upper limit averaged over the range 270� ;S I ;S 320� just admits the line intensity calculated by Shaver (1975) for the cold cloud component of the general interstellar medium.

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Robust and Gradient Thickness Porous Membranes for In Vitro Modeling of Physiological Barriers

10.1101/2020.05.07.083188 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shayan Gholizadeh ◽

Zahra Allahyari ◽

Robert Carter ◽

Luis F. Delgadillo ◽

Marine Blaquiere ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Attachment ◽

Porous Membranes ◽

Parylene C ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Critical Separation ◽

Culture Models ◽

3D Printed ◽

Lower Limits

AbstractPorous membranes are fundamental elements for tissue-chip barrier and co-culture models. However, the exaggerated thickness of commonly available membranes impedes an accurate in vitro reproduction of the biological multi-cellular continuum as it occurs in vivo. Existing techniques to fabricate membranes such as solvent cast, spin-coating, sputtering and PE-CVD result in uniform thickness films. To understand critical separation distances for various barrier and co-culture models, a gradient thickness membrane is needed. Here, we developed a robust method to generate ultrathin porous parylene C (UPP) membranes not just with precise thicknesses down to 300 nm, but with variable gradients in thicknesses, while at the same time having porosities up to 25%. We also show surface etching and increased roughness lead to improved cell attachment. Next, we examined the mechanical properties of UPP membranes with varying porosity and thickness and fit our data to previously published models, which can help determine practical upper limits of porosity and lower limits of thickness. Lastly, we validate a straightforward approach allowing the successful integration of the UPP membranes into a prototyped 3D-printed scaffold enabling in vitro barrier modeling and investigation of cell-cell interplay over variable distances using thickness gradients.

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The Cosmic Infrared Background

Highlights of Astronomy ◽

10.1017/s1539299600009084 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 291-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. G. Hauser

Keyword(s):

Background Radiation ◽

Initial Examination ◽

Submillimeter Wavelength ◽

Cosmic Background ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Infrared Background ◽

External Galaxies ◽

Cosmic Infrared Background ◽

Luminous Objects ◽

Lower Limits

AbstractCosmic infrared background radiation, expected to carry the radiative record of luminous objects since they first formed, has yet to be detected. The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite is designed to search for this primeval background over the spectral range from 1 to 300 μm. Initial examination of data from this experiment show that foreground radiations from the solar system and Galaxy dominate the diffuse infrared sky brightness, with relative minima near 3.5 μm and in the submillimeter wavelength range. DIRBE measurements do not confirm some previous data from rockets and IRAS. Preliminary upper limits on the cosmic infrared background are generally above theoretical expectations for pregalactic and protogalactic sources, and substantially above estimated lower limits based upon observations of external galaxies. Careful foreground modeling is required to reduce these limits or identify an isotropic residual.

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Ex-post effects of circuit breakers in crisis and calm markets

Journal of Economic Studies ◽

10.1108/jes-06-2018-0226 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 333-350

Author(s):

Imtiaz Sifat ◽

Azhar Mohamad

Keyword(s):

Circuit Breaker ◽

Wide Band ◽

Circuit Breakers ◽

Price Limits ◽

Content Type ◽

Price Limit ◽

Ex Post ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Nonparametric Techniques ◽

Lower Limits

PurposeDespite regulatory claims of straitening volatility and preventing crashes, evidences on circuit breakers' ability to achieve so are nonconclusive. While previous scholars studies general performances of circuit breakers, the authors examine whether Malaysian price limits aggravate volatility, impede price discovery, and interfere with trading activities in both tranquil and stressful periods.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a combination of parametric and nonparametric techniques consistent with Kim and Rhee (1997) to examine the major ex-post hypotheses in circuit breaker research.FindingsFor calm markets, the authors find significant success of upper limits in tempering volatility with low trading interference. Lower limits show mixed results. Conversely, in crisis markets limits fare poorly in nearly all aspects, particularly for lower limits.Practical implicationsRamifications of the paper's findings are discussed through highlighting the asymmetric nature of price limits' ex-post effects. The paper also contributes to regulatory debate surrounding the quest for an optimal price limit.Originality/valueThe paper is the first of its kind in documenting long-horizon evidence of ex-post effects of a wide-band price limit. Moreover, the paper is unique in its approach in bifurcating circuit breaker performance along the line of market stability periods.

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Optical spectroscopy of radio jets in 3C 31, 3C 75, 3C 83.1B, and 3C 465

Canadian Journal of Physics ◽

10.1139/p86-064 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 369-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher P. O'Dea ◽

Frazer N. Owen ◽

William C. Keel

Keyword(s):

Optical Spectroscopy ◽

External Medium ◽

Line Emission ◽

Radio Sources ◽

Ionized Gas ◽

Radio Jets ◽

Upper Limits ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Lower Limits ◽

Total Velocity

We present preliminary results of optical spectroscopy of four radio galaxies with jets (3C 75, 3C 465, 3C 31, and 3C 83. 1B (NGC 1265)). We examined selected regions in and around the radio jets for evidence of the interaction of the jets with their external medium (e.g., entrainment or bending through collision with clouds). We searched for the emission lines expected from ionized gas at a temperature of T ~ 104 K (e.g., Hα and [NII]) as well as those expected at higher temperatures (T ~ 106 K, Fe X (λ6374) and Fe XIV (λ5303)).We found no extranuclear emission in the regions searched in 3C 75, 3C 465, and 3C 83.1B. Assuming values for the pressure in the environment of the radio sources, we found the upper limits to the line emission correspond to model-dependent lower limits to the temperature in the range T ≥ 1.5–3 × 106 K and upper limits to the electron density in the range ne ≤ 5 × 10−2−5 × 10−3 cm−3.In 3C 31, we detected extended Hα and [NII] emission that is peaked on the nucleus and exhibits a velocity gradient. The [NII] emission has a total velocity width of ~800 km∙s−1. It is not yet clear whether any of this emission is associated with the jet (e.g., entrained gas) or whether it is associated with a known dust lane in the galaxy NGC 383.

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Quantifying uncertainty in the phylogenetics of Australian numeral systems

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2015.1278 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 282 (1815) ◽

pp. 20151278 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Kevin Zhou ◽

Claire Bowern

Keyword(s):

Transition Probabilities ◽

General Tendency ◽

Phylogenetic Methods ◽

Cultural Systems ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Numeral Systems ◽

Cultural Phylogenetics ◽

Lower Limits ◽

Quantifying Uncertainty ◽

Australian Languages

Researchers have long been interested in the evolution of culture and the ways in which change in cultural systems can be reconstructed and tracked. Within the realm of language, these questions are increasingly investigated with Bayesian phylogenetic methods. However, such work in cultural phylogenetics could be improved by more explicit quantification of reconstruction and transition probabilities. We apply such methods to numerals in the languages of Australia. As a large phylogeny with almost universal ‘low-limit' systems, Australian languages are ideal for investigating numeral change over time. We reconstruct the most likely extent of the system at the root and use that information to explore the ways numerals evolve. We show that these systems do not increment serially, but most commonly vary their upper limits between 3 and 5. While there is evidence for rapid system elaboration beyond the lower limits, languages lose numerals as well as gain them. We investigate the ways larger numerals build on smaller bases, and show that there is a general tendency to both gain and replace 4 by combining 2 + 2 (rather than inventing a new unanalysable word ‘four'). We develop a series of methods for quantifying and visualizing the results.

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