scholarly journals How teachers form educational expectations for students: A comparative factorial survey experiment in three institutional contexts

2021 ◽  
pp. 102599
Author(s):  
Sara Geven ◽  
Øyvind N. Wiborg ◽  
Rachel E. Fish ◽  
Herman G. van de Werfhorst
Keyword(s):  
Educational Expectations ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Institutional Contexts

scholarly journals How teachers form educational expectations for students: a comparative factorial survey experiment in three institutional contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Geven ◽  
Øyvind N. Wiborg ◽  
Rachel Fish ◽  
Herman Gerbert van de Werfhorst
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Educational Expectations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Financial Barriers

While schools are thought to use meritocratic criteria when evaluating students, research indicates that teachers hold lower expectations for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, it is unclear what the unique impact is of specific student traits on teacher expectations, as different traits are often correlated to one another in real life. Moreover, research has neglected the role of the institutional context, yet tracking procedures, financial barriers to education, and institutionalized cultural beliefs may influence how teachers form expectations. We conducted a factorial survey experiment in three contexts that vary with respect to these institutional characteristics (The United States, New York City; Norway, Oslo; the Netherlands, Amsterdam). We asked elementary school teachers to express expectations for hypothetical students whose characteristics were experimentally manipulated. Teachers in the different contexts used the same student traits when forming expectations, yet varied in the importance they attached to these traits. In Amsterdam – where teachers track students on the basis of their performance and tracking bears significant consequences for educational careers – we found a large impact of student performance. In Oslo – where institutions show an explicit commitment to equality of educational opportunity – teachers based their expectations less on student effort, and seemed to make more inferences about student performance by a student’s socio-economic background.

What Can We Learn From Factorial Surveys About Human Behavior?

Methodology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Petzold ◽  
Tobias Wolbring
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Intended Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Factorial survey experiments are increasingly used in the social sciences to investigate behavioral intentions. The measurement of self-reported behavioral intentions with factorial survey experiments frequently assumes that the determinants of intended behavior affect actual behavior in a similar way. We critically investigate this fundamental assumption using the misdirected email technique. Student participants of a survey were randomly assigned to a field experiment or a survey experiment. The email informs the recipient about the reception of a scholarship with varying stakes (full-time vs. book) and recipient’s names (German vs. Arabic). In the survey experiment, respondents saw an image of the same email. This validation design ensured a high level of correspondence between units, settings, and treatments across both studies. Results reveal that while the frequencies of self-reported intentions and actual behavior deviate, treatments show similar relative effects. Hence, although further research on this topic is needed, this study suggests that determinants of behavior might be inferred from behavioral intentions measured with survey experiments.

Testing Mark-all-that-apply Measures of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Field Methods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip S. Brenner ◽  
Justine Bulgar-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender

Many social identities (e.g., race, ethnicity) are measured using mark-all-that-apply (MATA) questions because they allow survey respondents to account for the multiple, nonexclusive ways in which they identify themselves. We test the use of MATA measures of sexual orientation and gender identity and compare them with forced choice (FC), an alternative format using a series of yes-or-no questions. Respondents, including an oversample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals, participated in a 2 × 3 factorial survey experiment. For the first factor, we hypothesize that respondents randomly assigned to FC will report a higher count of identities than those assigned to MATA. For the second factor, we hypothesize that increased topic salience will help LGBQ respondents in particular to overcome poor question design. Findings suggest that MATA and FC measure comparably when question writing best practices are followed, but topic salience can yield higher data quality when poorly formatted questions are used.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Unemployment and willingness to accept job offers: results of a factorial survey experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-175
Author(s):  
Martin Abraham ◽  
Katrin Auspurg ◽  
Sebastian Bähr ◽  
Corinna Frodermann ◽  
Stefanie Gundert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Job Offers

Racial Prejudices, Racialized Workplaces, and Restaurant Servers’ Hyperbolic Perceptions of Black–White Tipping Differences

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary W. Brewster ◽  
Gerald Roman Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Black Consumers ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes

On average, Black consumers have been reliably shown to tip restaurant servers less than their White counterparts, and this difference has been widely acknowledged to contribute to servers’ negative attitudes toward Black customers. However, studies centered on explicating the actual and perceived magnitude of Black–White tipping differences are scarce. Furthermore, there have been no studies conducted that have aimed to identify and test for individual and/or environmental factors that encourage the development and sustainment of exaggerated or stereotypic perceptions of interracial differences in customers’ tipping practices. In response, this study offers an unconditional meta-estimate of the Black–White tipping differential to this literature. Given the available published evidence, we estimate that as a percentage of the bill, the average Black customer is likely to leave a tip that is 3.30 percentage points less than would be left by a White customer. In addition, by analyzing data derived from a factorial survey experiment that was administered in two independent and demographically diverse samples of servers, this study demonstrates that servers’ perceptions of Black–White tipping differences are significantly shaped by racial antipathy and/or employment in a workplace characterized by anti-Black discourse and observed mistreatment of Black clientele. Taken as a whole, our results suggest that although a Black–White tipping difference does exist, there is a notable segment of the population of restaurant servers, namely, those who harbor prejudicial attitudes and/or work in racialized workplaces, who may cognitively exaggerate the magnitude of this difference. Thus, to curtail the industry challenges that stem from Black–White tipping differences (e.g., service discrimination, lawsuits), restaurant operators are encouraged to devise strategies to actively confront servers’ stereotypic perceptions of Black customers’ tipping behaviors.

Racialized Workplaces, Contemporary Racial Attitudes, and Stereotype Endorsement: A Recipe for Consumer Racial Profiling

2020 ◽  
pp. 073112142094677
Author(s):  
Zachary W. Brewster ◽  
Gerald Roman Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Racial Profiling ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Racial Stereotypes ◽  
Causal Process ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
The Relationship

Negative stereotypes are widely assumed to underpin the mistreatment that black Americans sometimes experience while engaging in everyday consumption activities like shopping or dining away from home. However, studies that directly observe the relationship between service providers’ endorsement of racial stereotypes and the nature of their interactions with black consumers are rare. In response, this study presents results from a factorial survey experiment designed to assess a theoretically grounded causal process leading service providers to racially profile consumers. In two independent samples of restaurant servers and bartenders we show that consumer racial discrimination in the context of full-service restaurants is a function of servers’ endorsement of racial stereotypes depicting blacks as undesirable customers who are dishonest, uncivil, demanding, and bad tippers. Furthermore, we show that servers’ endorsement of such stereotypes and their resultant tendencies to discriminate against black diners increases as a function of contemporary anti-black animus and employment in workplaces characterized by explicit expressions of anti-black biases.

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