scholarly journals How teachers form educational expectations for students: a comparative factorial survey experiment in three institutional contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Geven ◽  
Øyvind N. Wiborg ◽  
Rachel Fish ◽  
Herman Gerbert van de Werfhorst
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Educational Expectations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Financial Barriers

While schools are thought to use meritocratic criteria when evaluating students, research indicates that teachers hold lower expectations for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, it is unclear what the unique impact is of specific student traits on teacher expectations, as different traits are often correlated to one another in real life. Moreover, research has neglected the role of the institutional context, yet tracking procedures, financial barriers to education, and institutionalized cultural beliefs may influence how teachers form expectations. We conducted a factorial survey experiment in three contexts that vary with respect to these institutional characteristics (The United States, New York City; Norway, Oslo; the Netherlands, Amsterdam). We asked elementary school teachers to express expectations for hypothetical students whose characteristics were experimentally manipulated. Teachers in the different contexts used the same student traits when forming expectations, yet varied in the importance they attached to these traits. In Amsterdam – where teachers track students on the basis of their performance and tracking bears significant consequences for educational careers – we found a large impact of student performance. In Oslo – where institutions show an explicit commitment to equality of educational opportunity – teachers based their expectations less on student effort, and seemed to make more inferences about student performance by a student’s socio-economic background.

Comparative analysis of health system performance in Montreal and New York: the importance of context for interpreting indicators

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Gusmano ◽  
Erin Strumpf ◽  
Julie Fiset-Laniel ◽  
Daniel Weisz ◽  
Victor G. Rodwin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Ambulatory Care ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Financial Barriers

AbstractAlthough eliminating financial barriers to care is a necessary condition for improving access to health services, it is not sufficient. Given the contrasting health systems with regard to financing and organization of health insurance in the United States and Canada, there is a long history of comparing these countries. We extend the empirical studies on the Canadian and US health systems by comparing access to ambulatory care as measured by hospitalization rates for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) in Montreal and New York City. We find that, in New York, ACSC rates were more than twice as high (12.6 per 1000 population) as in Montreal (4.8 per 1000 population). After controlling for age, sex, and number of diagnoses, significant differences in ACSC rates are present in both cities, but are more pronounced in New York. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that universal, first-dollar health insurance coverage has contributed to lower ACSC rates in Montreal than New York. However, Montreal’s surprisingly low ACSC rate calls for further research.

The 12.7 cm Hot Dog Corporation

1989 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
Hope Martin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Eighth Graders ◽  
The United States ◽  
New York Stock Exchange ◽  
Mathematics Skills ◽  
York Stock Exchange ◽  
Hot Dog

A corporation was formed in the United States fourteen years ago that does not appear on the New York Stock Exchange or any other. It is alive and well and prospering at Northwood Junior High School in Highland Park, Illinois. The “12.7 cm Hot Dog Corporation” is owned and operated by a group of about forty-five eighth graders, who make all the executive decisions concerning the sale of hot dogs, chips, soda pop, and popcorn at home boys' and girls' basketball games and wrestling meets. I started the corporation to bring “real life” into the classroom and encourage students to use their mathematics skills to make the decisions necessary to run a successful business.

From the street to public service: ‘Humans of New York’ photographer’s journey to journalism

Journalism ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1480-1496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Roberts
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Media ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Responsibilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Press ◽  
News Organizations

The ‘Humans of New York’ social media feed, featuring photographs of people in New York City – and in recent years also Iran, Syria, and other locations – has amassed nearly 18 million Facebook followers, spawned multiple books, and inspired various copy-cat projects. Over the 6 years since its creation, the feed has evolved from an assortment of photos of individuals in New York to an intentional, morally conscious portrait of the perspectives and lived experiences of the inhabitants of New York and other places, and has resulted in real-life consequences for the subjects, ranging from donations to projects to invitations from the president of the United States. This article analyzes the ‘Humans of New York’ posts in the context of public service ideals of modern journalism as laid out by scholars, professional journalism societies, and leading news organizations. This analysis considers the perspective of the posts through the captions that accompany each post and finds that, since 2011, the feed has changed its narrative focus from the photographer to the subjects, who share their stories in their own words. In this way, the ‘Humans of New York’ feed satisfies several aspects of the public service ideal of journalism, lending support to the idea that new media sites created by non-professionals, or citizen journalists, may be able to satisfy some of the social responsibilities of the press, and offer lessons for both professionals and amateurs.

scholarly journals To Arrange or Not: Marriage Trends in the South Asian American Community

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-181
Author(s):  
Farha Ternikar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Asian American ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Arranged Marriage

The idea of the arranged marriage has always seemed “exotic” yet has fascinated the American public. Recent media coverage of arranged marriages is evident in popular periodicals such as the New York Times Online (August 17, 2000) and Newsweek (March 15, 1999). Foner highlights that the arranged marriage is an example of “the continued impact of premigration cultural beliefs and social practices” that South Asian immigrants have transported to the United States (Foner 1997, 964). She offers an interpretive synthesis by showing that “[n]ew immigrant family patterns are shaped by cultural meanings and social practices that immigrants bring with them from their home countries as well as by social, economic, and cultural forces in the United States” (Foner 2005, 157).

Toward more effective data use in teaching

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
York City ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Data Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Student Performance Data ◽  
Effective Data Use

Joseph P. McDonald reports findings from a study of nine poverty-impacted schools in New York City striving to more effectively use student performance data in teaching. The study was one of 13 studies of data use at the classroom level across the United States funded by the Spencer Foundation -- an effort intended to fill a serious gap in research evidence on this policy-championed innovation. The article illuminates components of data use systems most associated with success in boosting student learning. It concludes that this sensible but complicated innovation can likely not be implemented well without distributed on-site leadership that includes teachers.

Behind the Curtain with the Noble Savage: Stage Management of Indian Plays, 1825–1860

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Amacher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Real Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stage Management ◽  
Street Theater ◽  
Noble Savage ◽  
American Authors

If, as Professor Quinn maintains, the national dramas centering about the American Revolution held the spotlight in the United States during the period from 1825 to 1860, certainly the Indian plays featuring the noble savage rivaled them as the second most popular form of stage entertainment. Relatively little is known of the early productions of these Indian plays by American authors.One of the earliest American productions took the form of an “operatic spectacle,” called Tammany. It was put on at the John Street Theater in New York on March 3, 1794, with a Mrs. Hatton in the lead, and is often credited as originating “that impossible type of stage Indian” which never existed in real life.

scholarly journals Assessing the Deinstitutionalization of Marriage Thesis: An Experimental Test

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine G Robbins ◽  
Aimee Dechter ◽  
Sabino Kornrich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Do So

This article seeks to experimentally evaluate the thesis that marriage is deinstitutionalized in the United States. To do so, we map the character of the norm about whether different-sex couples ought to marry, and identify the extent to which the norm is strong or weak along four dimensions: polarity, whether the norm is prescriptive, proscriptive, bipolar (both prescriptive and proscriptive), or nonexistent; conditionality, whether the norm holds under all circumstances; intensity, the degree to which individuals subscribe to the norm; and consensus, the extent to which individuals share the norm. Results of a factorial survey experiment administered to a disproportionate stratified random sample of U.S. adults (N = 1,823) indicate that the norm to marry is weak: it is largely bipolar, conditional, and of a low-to-moderate intensity with disagreement over the norm as well as the circumstances demarcating the norm. While the norm to marry is different for males and females and Black and White respondents, the amount of disagreement (or lack of consensus) within groups is comparable between groups. We find no significant differences across socioeconomic status (education, income, and occupation). Overall, our findings support key claims of the deinstitutionalization of marriage thesis.

What Can We Learn From Factorial Surveys About Human Behavior?

Methodology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Petzold ◽  
Tobias Wolbring
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Intended Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Factorial survey experiments are increasingly used in the social sciences to investigate behavioral intentions. The measurement of self-reported behavioral intentions with factorial survey experiments frequently assumes that the determinants of intended behavior affect actual behavior in a similar way. We critically investigate this fundamental assumption using the misdirected email technique. Student participants of a survey were randomly assigned to a field experiment or a survey experiment. The email informs the recipient about the reception of a scholarship with varying stakes (full-time vs. book) and recipient’s names (German vs. Arabic). In the survey experiment, respondents saw an image of the same email. This validation design ensured a high level of correspondence between units, settings, and treatments across both studies. Results reveal that while the frequencies of self-reported intentions and actual behavior deviate, treatments show similar relative effects. Hence, although further research on this topic is needed, this study suggests that determinants of behavior might be inferred from behavioral intentions measured with survey experiments.

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