3D-PRINTING IN SURGERY: BEYOND BONE STRUCTURES. A REVIEW

A descriptive and exploratory study was carried out with the aim of proposing and validating an open protocol for making 3D impressions of stereolithographic models, which is available to professionals in the area of Dentistry. Nine operators (senior students of the Dentistry degree), without previous experience in the use of software and hardware for 3D printing, divided into two groups were trained through theoretical and practical sessions. The A worked with three helical tomographies (TAC) and the B with three cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), all in DICOM format, converted to STL files. In total, 99 bone structures corresponding to 33 jaws, 33 axis and 33 facial masses-skull bases were analyzed, and a total of 33 jaws were printed in PLA (polylactic acid filament). At the end of the study, no statistically significant difference was found in the implementation of the proposed protocol between the operators, the measurements of the pieces printed by each of them, the gold standard, the TAC and the CBCT, with which not only validated the protocol, but it was possible to determine the resources necessary to carry out this type of 3D printing.

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3D-printing for engineering the next generation of artificial trabecular bone structures

International Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.09.008 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 195-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Thomas ◽

Deepti Singh

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Trabecular Bone ◽

Next Generation ◽

Bone Structures

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3D printing of hydroxyapatite polymer-based composites for bone tissue engineering

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2016-0194 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (8) ◽

pp. 741-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Carola Esposito Corcione ◽

Francesca Gervaso ◽

Francesca Scalera ◽

Francesco Montagna ◽

Tommaso Maiullaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Bone Graft Substitute ◽

Physical Models ◽

Clinical Images ◽

Manufacturing Method ◽

Skeletal Defects ◽

Custom Made ◽

Aesthetic Aspect ◽

Valid Solution ◽

Bone Structures

Abstract Skeletal defects reconstruction, using custom-made substitutes, represents a valid solution to replacing lost and damaged anatomical bone structures, renew their original function, and at the same time, restore the original aesthetic aspect. Rapid prototyping (RP) techniques allow the construction of complex physical models based on 3D clinical images. However, RP machines usually work with synthetic polymers; therefore, producing custom-made scaffolds using a biocompatible material directly by RP is an exciting challenge. The aim of the present work is to investigate the potentiality of 3D printing as a manufacturing method to produce an osteogenic hydroxyapatite-polylactic acid bone graft substitute.

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Design and testing 3D printed structures for bone replacements

Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.4922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (101) ◽

pp. 76-85

Author(s):

P.G. Ikonomov ◽

A. Yahamed ◽

P.D. Fleming ◽

A. Pekarovicova

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Trabecular Bone ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Body Parts ◽

The Real ◽

Support Materials ◽

Honeycomb Structures ◽

3D Printed ◽

Bone Structures

Purpose: 3D printing has shown enormous potential for building plastic products, including bone, organs, and body parts. The technology has progressed from visualization and preoperation training to the 3D printing of customized body parts and implants. This research aims to create 3D printed bone structure from plastics and test the mechanical properties of the cortical and trabecular bone structures if they match the real bone structure strength. Design/methodology/approach: We used Digital Imaging, and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) images from Computer Tomography (CT) scans to created external bone structures. These images' resolution did not allow the creation of fine trabecular bone structures, so we used 3D modeling software to engineer special 3D void honeycomb structures (with triangular, square, and hexagonal shapes). Another reason to design void structures is that the 3D printing of complex shapes without support materials is problematic. After designing and 3D printing of the 3D bone structures, their mechanical properties need to be tested. Findings: 3D bone models, solid (cortical), and void (trabecular) bone structures were designed, 3D printed, and then tested. Tensile, bending, and compression testing was performed. Testing the mechanical properties of the honeycomb structures (triangular, square, and hexagonal) shows that their strength and modulus are higher than those of the real trabecular bones. The results show that 3D printed honeycomb structures mechanical properties can match and some cases exceeding the properties of the actual bones trabecular structures, while the sold structures have lower mechanical properties than the bone cortical structures. Research limitations/implications: During the 3D printing experiments, we found that 3D printers, in general, have low resolution, not enough to print fine trabecular bone structures. To solve the existing 3D printing technology's insufficient resolution, we later designed and built an SLA (stereolithography) 3D printer with high printing resolution (10 micrometers). Another limitation we found is the lack of biocompatible materials for 3D printing of bone structures. Future research work is in progress formulating superior ink/resin for bone structures 3D printing. Further, clinical trials need to be performed to investigate 3D printed parts’ influence on the healing of bone structures. Practical implications: We found that the 3D void (honeycomb) structures will have an impact not only on building bone structures but also in engineering special structures for industrial applications that can reduce the weight, time, and the cost of the material, while still keep sufficient mechanical properties. Originality/value: Designing and testing 3D printed bone models, solid (cortical), and void (trabecular) bone structures could replace bones. Design and test special void honeycomb structures as a replacement for cortical bone structures.

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Graphene-Reinforced Biodegradable Resin Composites for Stereolithographic 3D Printing of Bone Structure Scaffolds

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2019/9710264 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Zuying Feng ◽

Yan Li ◽

Liang Hao ◽

Yihu Yang ◽

Tian Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bone Structure ◽

Multistep Methods ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Resin Composites ◽

Polyurethane Resin ◽

3D Printed ◽

Reference Specimens ◽

Bone Structures

A biodegradable UV-cured resin has been fabricated via stereolithography apparatus (SLA). The formulation consists of a commercial polyurethane resin as an oligomer, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TEGDMA) as a reactive diluent and phenylbis (2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (Irgacure 819) as a photoinitiator. The tensile strength of the three-dimensional (3D) printed specimens is 68 MPa, 62% higher than that of the reference specimens (produced by direct casting). The flexural strength and modulus can reach 115 MPa and 5.8 GPa, respectively. A solvent-free method is applied to fabricate graphene-reinforced nanocomposite. Porous bone structures (a jawbone with a square architecture and a sternum with a round architecture) and gyroid scaffold of graphene-reinforced nanocomposite for bone tissue engineering have been 3D printed via SLA. The UV-crosslinkable graphene-reinforced biodegradable nanocomposite using SLA 3D printing technology can potentially remove important cost barriers for personalized biological tissue engineering as compared to the traditional mould-based multistep methods.

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