Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus among women screened with the two-step and one-step methods: A before-and-after study

A congenital heart defect is a heart problem which is present at birth, caused by improper development of the heart during fetal development. In majority of cases there is no known reason for the heart to develop improperly. Some type of congenital heart defects are related to chromosomal abnormality(5-6%), some are to single gene defect(3-5%) or environmental factors(2%). In 85-90% of cases there is no identifiable cause and are generally considered to be caused by multifactorial inheritance. There are some maternal factors which have some role in cardiovascular malformations. These include high maternal age(above 30 years), maternal obesity, consanguinity among the parents, fever during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, ingestion of any teratogenic drug including homeopathy and herbal medicine. Objective of the study: To evaluate the risk factors associated with congenital heart disease. Methodology: A case control study was conducted at paediatric department of Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital following approval of the protocol from 1st January 2013 to 30th June 2014. Children fulfilling the inclusion criteria-(0-5 year old children of both sexes admitted in paediatric units of Mitford Hospital with any type of congenital heart disease confirmed by echocardiography) were considered as cases. A similar number of age and sex matched children admitted in Mitford Hospital without any cardiac defect were considered as controls. Data were collected by questionnaire. Results: The results show that majority of the cases are male. Maternal age (27.09 ± 4.63) and BMI (24.10 ± 2.28) both are significantly higher in cases than those of controls. Among the cases 31.8% mothers had consanguineous marriage (p=0.001) and 27.1% mothers had history of fever during pregnancy whereas it was present in 9.3% mothers of controls, the difference is significant statistically (p=0.001). Among the cases 34.6% mothers had history of gestational diabetes mellitus and only 18.9% controls had so and the difference is significant statistically (p=0.014). Conclusion: Relatively old age and more weight during pregnancy, consanguinity between parents, fever during pregnancy, history of gestational diabetes mellitus are the main risk factors of congenital heart defects in children J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 27, No.1, April, 2018, Page 51-56

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Risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus and impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and fetal health during the antenatal period

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213169 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Uma Jain ◽

Kusumlata Singhal ◽

Shikha Jain ◽

Deepali Jain

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Congenital Malformation ◽

Fetal Health ◽

Antenatal Period ◽

Study Results ◽

History Of ◽

The Impact

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of dysglycaemia that occurs for the first time or is first detected during pregnancy. The adverse effects of GDM on pregnant women are pre-eclampsia, PIH, PPH, polyhydramanios, PROM, meanwhile, there would be an increase in dystocia, birth injury, and cesarean sectionMethods: This retrospective study was conducted in a Gynecology clinic in District Shivpuri to find out the various risk factors for GDM and to evaluate the impact of GDM on maternal and fetal health during the antenatal period. 84 patients who were diagnosed with GDM were included in the study. Results: Among risk factors; BMI >25 kg/m2 before pregnancy was found in 15.47% of the case, family history of diabetes mellitus 8.33%, Previous history of macrosomia 17.85%, Poor reproductive history 17.85%, baby with congenital malformation 8.33%, H/o unexplained IUFD 11.90%. H/o polyhydramnios 15.47%. History of PCOS 13.09% and preeclampsia was found in 17.85% of cases. In antenatal complications; miscarriages was found in 15.47%. polyhydramnios in 17.85%. Oligohydramnios in 8.33%, preterm labor in 11.90%, PROM in 9.52%, pre-eclampsia in 17.85%, sudden IUFD in 8.33% and congenital malformation was found in 4.76% of cases. On USG; IUGR was found in 7.14% of cases. Large for date fetus in 16.66% of cases and the normal growth was found in 76.19% of cases.Conclusions- In conclusion appropriate and timely diagnosis and treatment of GDM will result in decreased maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes comparable to general population rates, therefore, early diagnosis is important.

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Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: one step versus two step approach. A meta-analysis of randomized trials

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine ◽

10.1080/14767058.2018.1519543 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 33 (9) ◽

pp. 1616-1624 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gabriele Saccone ◽

Adeeb Khalifeh ◽

Huda B. Al-Kouatly ◽

Kerri Sendek ◽

Vincenzo Berghella

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Randomized Trials ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

One Step

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Cardiovascular risk factors in offspring exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus in utero: systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174419000850 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 599-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maleesa M. Pathirana ◽

Zohra S. Lassi ◽

Claire T. Roberts ◽

Prabha H. Andraweera

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

In Utero

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication that affects one in seven pregnancies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that children born of pregnancies complicated by GDM may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine cardiovascular risk factors in offspring exposed to GDM in utero. PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and EMBASE databases were searched. Information was extracted on established CVD risk factors including blood pressure, lipids, blood glucose, fasting insulin, body mass index (BMI), and endothelial/microvascular function. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018094983). Prospective and retrospective studies comparing offspring exposed to GDM compared to controls (non-GDM pregnancies) were considered. We included studies that defined GDM based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) definition, or prior definitions. The PRISMA guidelines were followed in conducting this systematic review. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were done by two independent reviewers. The data were pooled using a random-effects model. Of 59 eligible studies, 24 were included in the meta-analysis. Offspring exposed to GDM had higher systolic blood pressure (mean difference (MD): 1.75 mmHg, 95% CI 0.57–2.94; eight studies, 7264 participants), BMI z-score (MD 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.20; nine studies, 8759 participants), and glucose (standard MD 0.43, 95% CI 0.08–0.77; 11 studies, 6423 participants) than control participants. In conclusion, offspring exposed to GDM have elevated systolic blood pressure, BMI, and glucose. Those exposed to GDM in utero may benefit from early childhood blood pressure measurements.

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