Poor alkaloid sequestration by arrow poison frogs of the genus Phyllobates from Costa Rica

Toxicon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Mebs ◽  
Joseph Vargas Alvarez ◽  
Werner Pogoda ◽  
Stefan W. Toennes ◽  
Gunther Köhler
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie N. Caty ◽  
Aurora Alvarez-Buylla ◽  
Gary D. Byrd ◽  
Charles Vidoudez ◽  
Alexandre B. Roland ◽  
...  

AbstractPoison frogs sequester small molecule lipophilic alkaloids from their diet of leaf litter arthropods for use as chemical defenses against predation. Although the dietary acquisition of chemical defenses in poison frogs is well-documented, the physiological mechanisms of alkaloid sequestration has not been investigated. Here, we used RNA sequencing and proteomics to determine how alkaloids impact mRNA or protein abundance in the Little Devil Frog (Oophaga sylvatica) and compared wild caught chemically defended frogs to laboratory frogs raised on an alkaloid-free diet. To understand how poison frogs move alkaloids from their diet to their skin granular glands, we focused on measuring gene expression in the intestines, skin, and liver. Across these tissues, we found many differentially expressed transcripts involved in small molecule transport and metabolism, as well as sodium channels and other ion pumps. We then used proteomic approaches to quantify plasma proteins, where we found several protein abundance differences between wild and laboratory frogs, including the amphibian neurotoxin binding protein saxiphilin. Finally, because many blood proteins are synthesized in the liver, we used thermal proteome profiling as an untargeted screen for soluble proteins that bind the alkaloid decahydroquinoline. Using this approach, we identified several candidate proteins that interact with this alkaloid, including saxiphilin. These transcript and protein abundance patterns suggest the presence of alkaloids influences frog physiology and that small molecule transport proteins may be involved in toxin bioaccumulation in dendrobatid poison frogs.ResumenLas ranas venenosas obtienen moléculas lipofílicas a partir de su dieta de artrópodos que luego usan como una defensa química contra depredadores. Mientras que la acumulación de toxinas dietéticas ha sido bien documentada, el mecanismo fisiológico de obtención de alcaloides no ha sido investigado. En este estudio usamos secuenciación de RNA y proteómica para determinar cómo la presencia de alcaloides afecta la abundancia de mRNA y proteínas en ranas diablito (Oophaga sylvatica) silvestres con defensas químicas en comparación a ranas diablito criadas en laboratorio con una dieta sin alcaloides. Para entender cómo las ranas venenosas mueven los alcaloides de su dieta a las glándulas granulares en su piel, nos enfocamos en medir la expresión de genes en tres tejidos: intestinos, piel e hígado. En estos tejidos, encontramos varios transcriptomas regulados diferencialmente que tienen actividades involucradas con el transporte y metabolismo de pequeñas moléculas, además de canales de sodio y bombas de iones. Luego usamos métodos proteómicos para cuantificar proteínas en plasma, donde encontramos varias diferencias en abundancia de proteínas entre las ranas silvestres y de laboratorio, incluyendo la proteína anfibia de fijación de toxinas, saxifilina. Finalmente, debido a que muchas proteínas encontradas en la sangre se sintetizan en el hígado, usamos la técnica de perfilación proteómica termal para seleccionar imparcialmente las proteínas solubles que fijan el alcaloide decahydroquinolina. Usando este método, identificamos varias posibles proteínas que interactúan con este alcaloide, incluyendo saxifilina. Estos patrones de cambios en abundancia de transcriptomas y proteínas en ranas con y sin defensas químicas sugieren que la presencia de alcaloides influye en la fisiología de las ranas y que moléculas proteicas pequeñas de transporte podrían estar involucradas en la bioacumulación de toxinas en ranas venenosas dendrobátidos.Summary StatementChemically defended wild poison frogs have gene expression and protein abundance differences across several tissue systems compared to poison frogs reared on an alkaloid-free diet.


Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute

Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) causes a severe disease of corn (Zea mays) in many locations throughout the neotropics and as far north as southern U.S. MRFV particles detected by direct electron microscopy of negatively stained sap from infected leaves are not necessarily distinguishable from many other small isometric viruses infecting plants (Fig. 1).Immunosorbent trapping of virus particles on antibody-coated grids and the antibody coating or decoration of trapped virus particles, was used to confirm the identification of MRFV. Antiserum to MRFV was supplied by R. Gamez (Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, Costa Rica).Virus particles, appearing as a continuous lawn, were trapped on grids coated with MRFV antiserum (Fig. 2-4). In contrast, virus particles were infrequently found on grids not exposed to antiserum or grids coated with normal rabbit serum (similar to Fig. 1). In Fig. 3, the appearance of the virus particles (isometric morphology, 30 nm diameter, stain penetration of some particles, and morphological subunits in other particles) is characteristic of negatively stained MRFV particles. Decoration or coating of these particles with MRFV antiserum confirms their identification as MRFV (Fig. 4).


2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Clémence ◽  
Thierry Devos ◽  
Willem Doise

Social representations of human rights violations were investigated in a questionnaire study conducted in five countries (Costa Rica, France, Italy, Romania, and Switzerland) (N = 1239 young people). We were able to show that respondents organize their understanding of human rights violations in similar ways across nations. At the same time, systematic variations characterized opinions about human rights violations, and the structure of these variations was similar across national contexts. Differences in definitions of human rights violations were identified by a cluster analysis. A broader definition was related to critical attitudes toward governmental and institutional abuses of power, whereas a more restricted definition was rooted in a fatalistic conception of social reality, approval of social regulations, and greater tolerance for institutional infringements of privacy. An atypical definition was anchored either in a strong rejection of social regulations or in a strong condemnation of immoral individual actions linked with a high tolerance for governmental interference. These findings support the idea that contrasting definitions of human rights coexist and that these definitions are underpinned by a set of beliefs regarding the relationships between individuals and institutions.


2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S28-S31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arroyo ◽  
L. Salazar-Sánchez ◽  
G. Jiménez-Cruz ◽  
P. Chaverri ◽  
E. Arrieta-Bolaños ◽  
...  

SummaryHaemophilia is the most frequent hereditary haemorrhagic illness and it is due to the deficiency of coagulation factors VIII (haemophilia A, HA) or IX (haemophilia B, HB).The prevalence of this disease varies according to the country, those having better survival rates having also higher prevalences. Specifically in Costa Rica, there are around 130 HA and 30 HB families. This study reports the prevalence and a spatial distribution analysis of both types of the disease in this country. The prevalence of haemophilia in this country is 7 cases per 100 000 men, for HA it is 6 cases per 100 000 and for HB it is 1 case per 100 000 male inhabitants. The prevalence of this disease is low when compared with other populations. This low prevalence could be due to the many patients that have died because of infection with human immunodeficiency virus during the 1980s. The prevalence of haemophilia in Costa Rica is almost one half of that present in developed countries. Nevertheless, the ratio between HA and HB follows world tendency: 5 : 1. In this study, nationwide geographical distribution maps were drawn in order to visualize the origin of severe cases and how this influences the pattern of distribution for both types of haemophilia. By means of these maps, it was possible to state that there is no association between the sites of maximum prevalence of mutated alleles and ethnicity. With this study, haemophilia prevalence distribution maps can be used to improve efforts for the establishment of hemophilia clinics or specialized health centers in those areas which hold the highest prevalences in this country. Also, this knowledge can be applied to improve treatment skills and offer the possibility of developing focused genetic counseling for these populations.


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