In vitro inhibition of Eimeria tenella sporozoite invasion into host cells by probiotics

Since December 2019, the deadly novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic. To date, vaccines are available in the developed countries to prevent the infection of this virus, however, medicines are necessary to help control COVID-19. Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) causes the common cold. The main protease (Mpro) is an essential enzyme required for the multiplication of these two viruses in the host cells, and thus is an appropriate candidate to screen potential medicinal compounds. Flavonols and dihydroflavonols are two groups of plant flavonoids. In this study, we report docking simulation with two Mpro enzymes and five flavonols and three dihydroflavonols, in vitro inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and in vitro inhibition of the HCoV 229E replication. The docking simulation results predicted that (+)-dihydrokaempferol, (+)-dihydroquercetin, (+)-dihydromyricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricentin, isoquercetin, and rutin could bind to at least two subsites (S1, S1', S2, and S4) in the binding pocket and inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Their affinity scores ranged from -8.8 to -7.4. Likewise, these compounds were predicted to bind and inhibit the HCoV-229E Mpro activity with affinity scores ranging from -7.1 to -7.8. In vitro inhibition assays showed that seven available compounds effectively inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity and their IC50 values ranged from 0.125 to 12.9 uM. Five compounds inhibited the replication of HCoV-229E in Huh-7 cells. These findings indicate that these antioxidative flavonols and dihydroflavonols are promising candidates for curbing the two viruses.

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In vitro inhibition of Eimeria tenella invasion of epithelial cells by phytochemicals

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 191 (3-4) ◽

pp. 374-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S.A. Burt ◽

M.H.G. Tersteeg-Zijderveld ◽

B.G.M. Jongerius-Gortemaker ◽

L. Vervelde ◽

J.C.M. Vernooij

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Eimeria Tenella ◽

In Vitro Inhibition

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Exogenous nitric oxide stimulates early egress of Eimeria tenella sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells in vitro

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2021007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Xinlei Yan ◽

Wenying Han ◽

Xianyong Liu ◽

Xun Suo

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Vital Role ◽

Eimeria Tenella ◽

Host Cells ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Kidney Cells ◽

Apicomplexan Parasites ◽

Immune Molecule ◽

Chicken Kidney

Egress plays a vital role in the life cycle of apicomplexan parasites including Eimeria tenella, which has been attracting attention from various research groups. Many recent studies have focused on early egress induced by immune molecules to develop a new method of apicomplexan parasite elimination. In this study, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO), an immune molecule produced by different types of cells in response to cytokine stimulation, could induce early egress of eimerian sporozoites in vitro. Eimeria tenella sporozoites were extracted and cultured in primary chicken kidney cells. The number of sporozoites egressed from infected cells was analyzed by flow cytometry after treatment with NO released by sodium nitroferricyanide (II) dihydrate. The results showed that exogenous NO stimulated the rapid egress of E. tenella sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells before replication of the parasite. We also found that egress was dependent on intra-parasitic calcium ion (Ca2+) levels and no damage occurred to host cells after egress. The virulence of egressed sporozoites was significantly lower than that of fresh sporozoites. The results of this study contribute to a novel field examining the interactions between apicomplexan parasites and their host cells, as well as that of the clearance of intracellular pathogens by the host immune system.

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Comparative development of Eimeria tenella (Apicomplexa) in host cells in vitro

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-003-0846-1 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 301-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

J. Tierney ◽

G. Mulcahy

Keyword(s):

Eimeria Tenella ◽

Host Cells ◽

Comparative Development

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In Vitro Inhibition of Zika Virus Replication with Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate)

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12090926 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 926

Author(s):

Paweł Botwina ◽

Magdalena Obłoza ◽

Artur Szczepański ◽

Krzysztof Szczubiałka ◽

Maria Nowakowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

West Nile Virus ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Congenital Abnormalities ◽

Host Cells ◽

Neurologic Complications ◽

Mechanistic Studies ◽

The West ◽

Direct Binding ◽

In Vitro Inhibition

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen associated with microcephaly and other congenital abnormalities in newborns as well as neurologic complications in adults. The explosive transmission of the virus in the last ten years put it in the limelight and improved our understanding of its biology and pathology. Currently, no vaccine or drugs are available to prevent or treat ZIKV infections. Knowing the potential of flaviviruses to broaden their geographic distribution, as observed for the West Nile virus, it is of importance to develop novel antiviral strategies. In this work, we identified poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa) as a new polymeric ZIKV inhibitor. We demonstrated that PSSNa inhibits ZIKV replication in vitro both in animal and human cells, while no cytotoxicity is observed. Our mechanistic studies indicated that PSSNa acts mostly through direct binding to ZIKV particle and blocking its attachment to the host cells.

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Effects of host vimentin on Eimeria tenella sporozoite invasion

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-021-05107-4 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhan Liu ◽

Xiangfei Geng ◽

Qiping Zhao ◽

Shunhai Zhu ◽

Hongyu Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polyclonal Antibody ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Eimeria Tenella ◽

Host Cells ◽

Vimentin Expression ◽

Poultry Breeding ◽

Interfering Rna ◽

Sporozoite Infection

Abstract Background Chicken coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Eimeria of Apicomplexa, which has caused great economic loss to the poultry breeding industry. Host vimentin is a key protein in the process of infection of many pathogens. In an earlier phosphorylation proteomics study, we found that the phosphorylation level of host vimentin was significantly regulated after Eimeria tenella sporozoite infection. Therefore, we explored the role of host vimentin in the invasion of host cells by sporozoites. Methods Chicken vimentin protein was cloned and expressed. We used qPCR, western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence to detect levels of mRNA transcription, translation, and phosphorylation, and changes in the distribution of vimentin after E. tenella sporozoite infection. The sporozoite invasion rate in DF-1 cells treated with vimentin polyclonal antibody or with small interfering RNA (siRNA), which downregulated vimentin expression, was assessed by an in vitro invasion test. Results The results showed that vimentin transcription and translation levels increased continually at 6–72 h after E. tenella sporozoite infection, and the total phosphorylation levels of vimentin also changed. About 24 h after sporozoite infection, vimentin accumulated around sporozoites in DF-1 cells. Treating DF-1 cells with vimentin polyclonal antibody or downregulating vimentin expression by siRNA significantly improved the invasion efficiency of sporozoites. Conclusion In this study, we showed that vimentin played an inhibitory role during the invasion of sporozoites. These data provided a foundation for clarifying the relationship between Eimeria and the host. Graphical Abstract

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